I;ACIIK, AI.K\ANM:K 



BAI>. 



79 



with Of number i-f inferior workers 



!l w hose movements and L 

 ii|inii tin- land and ii|<>n the W M. 

 -lii-celed by tin- rare executive ability, ami 

 Hilary scii-ntilic genius of the siipt r- 

 .nt al. 'lie. Nowhere else, perhaps, in the 

 . iliirini: tin- past twenty years, have- Mich " 

 Iticd x-ieiitilic processes and inquiries been 

 .n under the guidance of a single mind, 

 wide aii extent, and on so grand a SCdlo, 

 as in tlu- >erviee of the Tinted States Coast 

 Sun e\ . '1 lie result constitutes one of the most 

 magnificent triumphs of practical science which 

 has witnessed. The entire work, in all 

 . and with all its difficulties, has 

 - far accomplished that its end is at hand, 

 and its intlueiice is already widely felt upon the 

 intcrc-ts of mankind. From the St. Lawrence 

 to The Kin (Iraude, the whole Atlantic line has 

 horoughly explored, and ahout foiir-lifths 

 of it have heen reduced to charts for the pur- 

 poses of navigation; while along nearly its 

 whole extent, stations for every kind of scien- 

 tific observation have been established, at which 

 "f the utmost importance have been as- 

 certained, relating alike to the atmosphere 

 and to the ocean, and to the great agencies of 

 Nature that control them. The work has 

 reached a corresponding stage of progress on 

 tho Pacific coast, and on the shores of either 

 ocean it has accumulated a knowledge of head- 

 lands and harbors, of reefs and shoals, of chan- 

 nels and tides, of magnetic and atmospheric in- 

 fluences and phenomena, which has already 

 brought incalculable advantages to the naviga- 

 tion, and made rich accessions to the science of 

 the world. All this vast labor and its splendid 

 re-ults have iriveri a celebrity to the public offi- 

 cer who achieved them, second to that of no 

 other man of science in the country, and they 

 entitle him to rank among the foremost of tho 

 Hut the scientific labors of Professor 

 were by no means confined to the branch 

 of public service with which he was identified. 

 He was one of the few men among us who 

 create as well as diffuse knowledge. He em- 

 ployed his mind, directly or indirectly, on most 

 of the great scientific problems which are now 

 :;:: tho attention of tho observers of Na- 

 il e was one of the founders of the 

 American Association for the Promotion of Sci- 

 and was a leading contributor to its dis- 

 ;is and published proceedings. He, also, 

 took a prominent part in the establishment of 

 i!ic American Academy of Science, which early 

 in the war was established at Washington, in 

 -onse under the auspices of the Govern- 

 ment. In addition to his numerous scientific 

 papers in the volumes of the American Asso- 

 ciation, and in various magazines, his annual 

 s of the progress of tho Coast Survey 

 have I. ecu of great importance, and have been 

 -"ii- ht, not only for the benefit of navi- 

 gation, but also among men of science for their 

 valuable contributions to tho sum of human 

 knowledge. When the U. S. Sanitary Com- 



>ii was organized in June, 18G1, lie WM 

 one of its active and ellicieiit meiiil..-r-, and 

 g:ne it the benefit of his thorough knov. 

 his untiring energy, and his vaM practical abil- 

 ity throughout the war, until his health failed 

 too completely to enable him to be present and 

 aid in its councils. Ho was throughout his 

 whole career a zealous friend of education, and 

 his labors in behalf of all institutions intended 

 for the advancement of learning, and especially 

 of higher scientific training, have been abun- 

 dant and valuable. The Dudley Observatory, 

 the Smithsonian Institute, the Cambridge Sci- 

 entific School, the Sheffield Scientific School 

 at New Haven, and tho Mining and Engi- 

 neering Schools of New York and Philadel- 

 phia, received great encouragement and aid 

 from him. His health for several years had 

 been seriously impaired by his excessive labors, 

 and in the summer of 1805 unequivocal symp- 

 toms of softening of the brain began to make 

 their appearance. The intellect, hitherto so 

 luminous, comprehensive, and profound, became 

 gradually enveloped in clouds, and after nearly 

 eighteen months of weakness, a part of the 

 time accompanied with much apparent suffer- 

 ing, he passed away. It may be safely said that 

 no man of his own, or any previous generation, 

 has done more for the honor of American sci- 

 ence, or has rendered that science so tributary 

 to the interests of the country. 



BADEN, a grand-duchy in South Germany. 

 Grand-duke, Friedrich, born September 9, 1826; 

 succeeded his father Leopold, as regent, on April 

 24, 1852 ; assumed the title of grand-duke on 

 September 5, 1856. Area, 5,712 square miles; 

 population in 1864, 1,429,199 inhabitants (of 

 whom 933,476 were Catholics ; 472,258 mem- 

 bers of the United Evangelical Church; 25,263 

 Jews). The capital, Carlsruhe, had, in 1864, 

 30,367 inhabitants. In the budget for the two 

 years, 1866 and 1867, the aggregate receipts 

 are estimated at 24,420,070 florins; and the 

 ordinary expenditures at 22,281,432 florins; 

 the extraordinary expenditures at 3,497,613 

 florins. The public debt, according to a report 

 of tho committee of the Diet, amounted, in 

 May, 1867, to 32,958,136 florins. Tho army, on 

 the peace footing, is 7,908; and on the war 

 footing, 18,402 men. The Government and 

 the Diet agreed in desiring the closest possible 

 connection of tho country with Northern 

 Germany, and the speedy admission into the 

 North German Confederation. The Grand- 

 duke, on opening the Diet, on September 5th, 

 said that if the form of the national union of 

 South Germany to the North German Confed- 

 eration had not yet been discovered, still great 

 progress had been achieved toward that end. 

 The measures which had been adopted with 

 that object in view were the military treaties 

 for the general defence concluded with Prussia, 

 the adoption of the military system of the 

 Northern States by the Stuttgardt conference 

 of delegates from the Southern Stales, and the 

 subsequent understanding on the military ques- 



