92 



BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN A. 



BRAZIL. 



BRAKDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUSTS, Ph. D., a 

 German, philosopher and author, born in Hil- 

 desheim, Hanover, February 19, 1790, died at 

 Bonn, Prussia, July 24, 1867. He was the son 

 of Dr. J. D. Brandis, one of the most eminent 

 physicians of his time. Having studied philol- 

 ogy and philosophy at Kiel and Gottingen, he 

 began lecturing in the University of Copen- 

 hagen, whence in 1816, at the instance of his 

 friend, Professor Niebuhr, he removed to Ber- 

 lin. From that city he went to Rome, as sec- 

 retary of legation to Niebuhr. After a few 

 months he returned to Berlin, and, at the soli- 

 citation of the Berlin Academy, was associated 

 with Immanuel Bekker in preparing a critical 

 edition of the works of Aristotle. For this 

 purpose he explored the chief libraries of 

 Europe within the next fifteen or twenty 

 years, and the results of his labor were 

 seen in the "Metaphysics of Aristotle," pub- 

 lished in Bonn in 1822 and Berlin 1823, 

 and in the complete works of Aristotle, four 

 vols., edited by Bekker and Brandis, published 

 in Berlin 1831-1836. As these studies did not 

 wholly occupy his time, he accepted the pro- 

 fessorship of philosophy at Bonn in 1821. He 

 was also a frequent contributor to the " Rhe- 

 nish Museum of Jurisprudence, Philology, His- 

 tory, and Greek Philosophy," and published 

 several philosophical essays. In 1837 he ac- 

 cepted a call from Otho, then recently chosen 

 King of Greece, to become his cabinet coun- 

 sellor, and spent several years in that country. 

 On his return, he published " Communications 

 on Greece," three vols., Leipsic, 1842. Resum- 

 ing the duties of his professorship, he com- 

 pleted his great work, " History of the Greek 

 and Roman Philosophy," the last volume of 

 which appeared in 1864. In this work he has 

 laid the historical foundation for a knowledge 

 of Greek thought, and developed more fully 

 than had previously been done the Greek phi- 

 losophy. He also wrote several philosophical 

 works of a more popular character. While 

 not an original thinker, Ids judicious discussion 

 of all the aspects of the Greek and Roman phi- 

 losophy rendered a great and lasting service to 

 the science of metaphysics. 



BRAZIL, an empire in South America. Em- 

 peror, Pedro II., born December 2, 1825 ; suc- 

 ceeded his father, Pedro I., on April 7, 1831. 

 The Emperor has no son. His oldest daughter, 

 Princess Isabella, is married (since October, 

 1864), to Count d'Eu, grandson of the late 

 King Louis Philippe of France. Prime Minister,* 

 Senator Zacharias de Goes e Vasconcellos (since 

 August, 1866). American minister at Rio de 

 Janeiro, J. Watson Webb (accredited October 

 21, 1861) ; Brazilian minister at Washington, 

 J. R. N". d'Arambuja (accredited April 23, 

 1865). 



The area of Brazil is estimated at about 

 3,000,460 English square, miles. The total 



population was, according to a recent work 

 published by the Government of Brazil (L 1 Em- 

 pire du Bresil, Rio de Janeiro, 1867), 11,780,- 

 000, distributed as follows : 



The receipts in the year 1865-'66 amounted to 

 62,827,191 milreis.* In this budget, for the year 

 1868-'69, the expenditures were estimated at 

 67,742,627 milreis, the receipts at 59,000,000, 

 the probable delicit at 8,742,627. The exter- 

 nal consolidated debt on December 31, 1866, 

 amounted to 14,417,500 pounds sterling. The 

 internal consolidated debt, on March 31, 1867, 

 to 106,350,600 milreis. 



The total army, in 1867, numbered 74,818 

 men. Of the two army corps employed against 

 Paraguay, the first numbered 33,078 and the 

 second 15,396. The fleet, in 1867, consisted 

 of twelve iron-clads, exclusive of four in the 

 course of construction, fifty-seven other armed 

 vessels, and seven non-armed vessels. 



The exports from 1865-'66 amounted to 

 157,016,000 milreis, the imports to 188,098,000 

 milreis. 



The movement of shipping of the year 

 1865-'66 was as follows: 



CLEARANCES. 



The war of Brazil against Paraguay con- 

 tinued throughout the year, and as Uruguay 

 ceased to take an active part in the operations, 

 and the President of the Argentine Republic, 

 with a considerable portion of the Argentine 

 forces, likewise left the seat- of the war, 



* For the names of the other ministers, see ANNTTAL 

 AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA for 1866. 



* Three hundred and fifty paper reis, or one hundred and 

 eighty silver reis, are equal to one franc. 



