96 



BRUNET, J. 0. 



CALIFOENIA. 



Bath. A controversy having arisen in 1864, be- 

 tween this country and the Republic of Colom- 

 bia, he was appointed umpire by the two Govern- 

 ments, and discharged the delicate duties to gen- 

 eral acceptance. In 1865, when Lord Lyons was 

 removed fromWashington to Constantinople, Sir 

 Frederick, who had then just received the Grand 

 Cross of the Order of the Bath, was selected 

 by the Earl of Clarendon to fill the important 

 and difficult position of ambassador to the 

 United States. His course in the fulfilment of 

 his duties was always judicious, and he was suc- 

 cessful in preserving cordial relations between 

 the two Governments, when a man of less ge- 

 nial temper, or less discretion, could hardly 

 have avoided a failure. He was never married. 

 He was known and respected in social life for 

 many fine qualities of mind and character, his 

 interest in art, and his courteous and liberal hos- 

 pitality. His death, which was somewhat sud- 

 den, was caused by diphtheria. 



BRUNET, JACQUES CHARLES, a French bibli- 

 ographer, born in Paris, November 2, 1780 ; died 

 in that city, November, 1867. He was the son 

 of a bookseller, and early acquainted himself 

 with rare editions and copies of books, and 

 made several catalogues of old libraries. He 

 began in his bibliographical researches for his 

 great work, Manuel du Libraire. et de V Ama- 

 teur de livres, of which lie issued a first edition 



in 1810, and continuing his studies, added an ex- 

 tensive supplement of new bibliographical titles 

 in 1834, and another still, three or four years 

 later. In 1842-'44, the whole work was recast 

 for a fourth edition, in five octavo volumes. In 

 1864 a. fifth edition appeared, the most com- 

 plete bibliography ever prepared, in the same 

 number of volumes, but containing a much 

 larger number of titles. In 1852 M. Brunei 

 published researches upon the original editions 

 of Eabelais. In the course of his long life and 

 his constant researches among books, he had 

 accumulated an exceedingly valuable library, 

 composed almost entirely of the choicest and 

 rarest editions, and in elegant and often unique 

 bindings. 



BRUNSWICK, a duchy in Northern Ger- 

 many. Dnke, Wilhelm, born April 25, 1806 ; 

 succeeded his father Charles on April 25, 1831. 

 Area, 1,525 square miles ; population in 1864, 

 293,388, of whom 285,934 were Lutherans, 

 1,676 Reformed, 3,775 Catholics, 216 Dissidents, 

 1,107 Israelites. The capital, Brunswick, had 

 in 1864 45,450 inhabitants. The public revenue 

 for 1866 was fixed at 1,920,000 thalers, and the 

 expenditures at the same amount. The public 

 debt in September, 1866, was 14,913,796 thalers, 

 of which 10,163,900 were railroad debt. The 

 army consists of 2,476 in time of peace, and 

 4,857 in time of war. 



C 



CALIFORNIA, one of the Pacific States of 

 the Union, having Oregon on the north, Ne- 

 vada and Arizona on the east, Lower California 

 on the southland the Pacific Ocean on the 

 west. Its actual area, after long controversy, 

 has been fixed at 188,981 square miles. In 

 1860 the population was 379,994, and though 

 it is more fluctuating than that of most of the 

 States of the Union, it is supposed to exceed at 

 the present time 500,000 souls. There are 

 forty-nine organized counties in the State. The 

 seat of government is Sacramento. The Gov- 

 ernor of the State, until December 5, 1867, was 

 Frederick F. Low, Union Republican, who had 

 been first elected in 1863, and reflected in 1865. 

 The Governor's term of office is two years. 

 His salary is $7,000 in gold; On December 5, 

 1867, the Governor-elect, Henry H. Haight, 

 was inaugurated, and made his inaugural ad- 

 dress. The Legislature meets biennially, being 

 chosen in the odd years, as 1865, 1867, 1869. 

 A State election took place in September, 1867, 

 at which the Democratic candidates were elect- 

 ed by the following vote: total vote for Gov- 

 ernor, 92,352 ; of which Henry H. Haight had 

 49,905, George C. Gotham 40,359, and Caleb 

 T. Fay 2,088. For Lieutenant-Governor, Wil- 

 liam Holden had 47,969, against L. P. Jones, 

 44,584. In October, 1867, Royal T. Sprague, 

 Democrat, was elected Justice of the Supreme 

 Court, over John Currey, Republican, by a 



majority of from 1,000 to 2,000. The Legis- 

 lature, elected at the same time, had 23 Repub- 

 licans and 17 Democrats in the Senate, and 29 

 Republicans and 51 Democrats in the House. 



Mining is yet the most important industrial 

 interest in California, though the magnitude of 

 the agricultural operations of the State is such 

 as to render it certain that within a few years 

 they must surpass the mines in the value of 

 their annual products. There is little or no 

 placer mining in the State now, the greater 

 part of the precious metal being found im- 

 bedded in quartz rock, from which it is ex- 

 tracted only by the somewhat wasteful process 

 of grinding and amalgamation. It is not here, 

 as in Colorado and portions of New Mexico, 

 combined with sulphur, in the form of pyrites, 

 and so is more readily extracted, but by the 

 ordinary processes it is certain that not more 

 than from 60 to 70 per cent, of the amount in 

 the quartz is actually obtained. 



Silver and quicksilver are still important 

 products of the State, the latter, of late, yield- 

 ing a slightly increasing amount. Copper, of 

 excellent quality, tin, borax, and other mineral 

 products of great value are among its treasures. 



The Agriculture of the State is rapidly becom- 

 ing one of its chief elements of wealth. Its 

 vineyards rival in extent the largest in Europe, 

 and, as each successive year brings new and 

 larger vineyards into bearing, the production 



