i :. \\ir.s, i 



EASTERN CHURCH IX 





physical conditions of Canada correspond very 

 nf tin- must active and prosperous 



| ii i-iiiinlry. ll-i n:ilunil ruinlitioiis 

 ir tt. ,!::! in ih^ [iroilucts of the forest, the field, and 



the sea, also compim- favorably with our own ; while 



l>ccts govermii' n!;il hardens a matU-r bearing 



essentially ujr.n the inducements to both l.ilmr and 



capital U liin important advantages over ourselves. 



E 



S, CUMMIN, an American lawyer, po- 

 litical journalist, and diplomatist, born in Now 

 Hraintive, Mass., Marcl) 20, 1812; died in AYa-h- 

 injrton, D. 0., March 16, 1867. Ho fitted for 

 Leicester Academy, and graduated 

 from Harvard College in 1831, with the highest 

 honor- of his class. After leaving college he 

 entered the Law School at Cambridge, where 



110 remained two years, when he removed to 

 New York and entered the office of John Duer. 



111 health prevented him from entering upon 

 the practice of his profession, and in 1845 he 

 \veut to Washington, at the invitation of Mr. 

 Bancroft, to take a position in the Navy De- 

 partment. A few months later ho became as- 

 sociate editor of the Washington Union, the 

 organ of that administration, and in the last 

 year of Mr. Folk's term was appointed com- 

 /nissioner to the Sandwich Islands, for the pur- 

 pose of negotiating a commercial treaty. After 

 .-in absence of a year he returned and became 

 editor of the Nashville Union, but six months 

 later was kivited to Washington to resume the 

 charge of the Union, and retained it until he 

 was made minister to Venezuela by President 

 Pierce. He held that position till the second 

 year of Mr. Buchanan's administration, when 

 he resigned and returned to Washington, where 

 ho practised his profession until his death. 

 During the last five years of his life, his man- 

 agement of prize cases showed him to be one 

 of the best admiralty lawyers of this country, 

 while his great knowledge of international law 

 won for him well-deserved distinction and 

 respect. He was also a fine linguist and belles- 

 lettres scholar, and a man of remarkable con- 

 versational powers. Ho was devoted to his 

 professional labors until about five weeks be- 

 fore his death. He brought to bear upon them 

 all the varied powers of his rich and cultivated 

 mind, and worked with an intensity which was 

 out of all proportion to his delicate health. 

 He had inherited a frail constitution, and his 

 whole life displayed the triumph of a powerful 

 will and intellect over a weak and worn body. 

 But, though an intense student, Mr. Eames was 

 a man of a remarkably social nature. His house 

 in Washington had been for many years the 

 centre to which gravitated all the celebrities in 

 politics, jurisprudence, letters, and- art, and the 

 graceful hospitality with which they were wel- 

 comed made it the most charming house of the 

 capital. 



EASTERN CHURCHES, or ORIENTAL 

 CHURCHES. The collective name given to a 

 number of churches in Eastern Europe, in 

 Asia, and Northern Africa, which hold to the 



doctrine of the apostolic succession of bishops. 

 These churches are: 



1. The Greek Church, of which we treat in a 

 special article. 



2. The Armenians. The total number of 

 Armenians scattered all over the world is, ac- 

 cording to Dr. Petermann, one of the standard 

 writers on the Oriental churches, about 2,500,- 

 000. Of these about 100,000 are connected with 

 Rome (United Armenians), 15,000 are Evan- 

 gelical Armenians, and all the others belong to 

 the National (or Gregorian) Armenian Church. 

 Russia, according to an official report of the 

 Ministry of Popular Enlightenment, had, in 

 1851, 22,253 Catholic (united) Armenians, and 

 372,535 Gregorian (non-united) Armenians. 

 The Armenian population of Turkey is esti- 

 mated at 2,000,000. Persia has about 30,000 

 Armenians. The highest bishop of the Arme- 

 nian Church resides at Etchmiatsin (in Asiatic 

 Russia). The Bishops of Sis and Aghthamar 

 have also the title of catholicos. 



The reformatory * movement in the Armenian 

 Church is increasing both in Constantinople and 

 in the provinces. The publishers of the new 

 Prayer Book in the vernacular have made so 

 much progress in " evangelical " sentiment, that 

 during the time of its passing through the press 

 they have cancelled some of the earliest pages, 

 in order to present a better view of doctrine. 

 The patriarch has officially condemned the 

 book. Some of the Armenian newspapers 

 characterize its teachings as Protestantism, and 

 others as yet are non-committal. The effect of 

 the attacks upon it thus far has been only to 

 draw attention to it and stimulate discussion 

 of its merits. The agitation is producing a 

 religious ferment such as there has not been 

 before for twenty years in Constantinople. 

 The reformers disclaim the name of Protestant; 

 but they find themselves drawn toward the 

 Protestants. In Karpoot the " Reform Socie- 

 ties " are active in preventing the attendance 

 of adherents to the Armenian Church on Prot- 

 estant meetings. The reform movement makes 

 rapid progress, especially among the young men. 

 The Protestants, who receded from the Arme- 

 nian Church in 1847, number 15,000, and the 

 circulation of the Bible and religious books 

 among those who remained in the church has 

 led the whole body to take new views of the 

 teachings and practices of the church. Many 

 priests of the " enlightened " pacty in the old 

 church preach "evangelical" doctrine, and 

 this party has forced the Porte to deprive the 



* Sf ANSUJJ, CYCLOPAEDIA for 186& 



