286 



EGYPT. 



Science, a course in Trade and Commercial 

 Science, and a general educational course in 

 Language, Literature, Science, and Arts. Each 

 county in the State is entitled to one free 

 student in this university, and many of the 

 counties have endowed prize scholarships in 

 addition, for competition by all students in the 

 public schools. Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 

 and Kansas, are all making strenuous efforts to 

 bring their educational systems up to the de- 

 mands of the present time ; and Missouri, now 

 * freed from the incubus of slavery, is zealously 

 in earnest for the improvement of her system 

 of public schools, and her chief city ranks 

 among the foremost in the Union in the ex- 

 cellence of its schools and the efficiency of its 

 teachers. On the Pacific slope, California has 

 established a good school system, and has made 

 commendable advances in higher education. 



EGYPT, a dependency of Turkey in Africa. 

 The government has, since 1841, been heredi- 

 tary in the family of Mehemet Ali, and, since 

 May, 1866, in direct line in the family of Ismail 

 Pacha, the present (fifth) Viceroy of Egypt. In 

 1867 the Turkish Government officially con- 

 ferred upon the ruler of Egypt 'the titles of 

 " Highness " and " Viceroy " (Kedervi-el-Masr). 

 The present Viceroy of Egypt, Ismail Pacha, 

 was born on the 26th of November, 1816. The 

 Council of State, established in 1856, is at the 

 head of the administration, and is composed of 

 the prince of the viceroy al family, of four gen- 

 erals, and four great dignitaries. The cabinet 

 was, in September, 1867, constituted as follows: 

 President of the Council, Minister of the Inte- 

 rior, of Finances, and Public Works, Eagheb 

 Pacha; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nubar 

 Pacha; Minister of the Viceroy al Household, 

 Hafiz Pacha ; Minister of Public Instruction and 

 President of the State Council, Sherif Pacha ; 

 ministers without portfolio, Abdallah Pacha and 

 Hassan Kassim Pacha. The area* of Egypt 

 (inclusive of Nubia, Kordofan and Takale, 

 Taka, and the territory of the Bareah, and a 

 part of Soudan, which are claimed as depen- 

 dencies) is estimated at 657,510 English square 

 miles, and the population at 7,465,000. The 

 annual receipts of the government are esti- 

 mated at 8,000,000. The tribute paid to 

 the Porte was formerly about 360,000, but 

 is said to have, in consideration of the re- 

 cent concessions made to Egypt, been raised to 

 nearly ten times the amount. Two public loans 

 were contracted by Egypt, in 1862' and 1864: 

 the former amounted to sixty million francs, 

 and must be reimbursed in thirty years, in 

 semi-annual payments of 3,250,000 francs; the 

 other amounted to five million pounds ster- 

 ling, and must be reimbursed in fifteen years, 

 in payments of 310,000, at equal intervals. 

 The army formerly consisted of 21,000 men, but 

 has been reduced by the present Viceroy to 

 14,000 men (8,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 



* For full geographical statistics, see ANNTTAL CYCLOPAEDIA 

 for 1S66. 



3,000 artillery and engineers). The number of 

 vessels entering the port of Alexandria, in 1865, 

 was 4,283, of 1,350,876 tons; and, in 1866, 

 3,698. 



The foreign commerce of Alexandria during 

 the years 1860 to 1866 was as follows (value 

 in Egyptian piastres, twenty of which are equal 

 to one American dollar) : 

 Imports. 



I860 248,212,795 



1861 291,224,087 



Exports. 



1860 268,893,302 



1861 372,943,584 



1862 668,828,398 



1863 859,222,496 



1864 1,146,905,253 



1865 1,680,135,000 



1866 1,307,045,000 



The following table shows the chief countries 

 engaged in commerce with Alexandria, in the 

 year 1863, and the extent of the same: 



1862 319,002,073 



1863 399,611,501 



1864 492,937,258 



1865 



1866 .. .. 



Piastres. 

 Great Britain. 203,812,785 



France 88,188,927 



Austria 28, 644, 122 



Piastres. 



Belgium 4,226,547 



Greece 9,242,305 



Turkey 99,999,416 



Italy '15,547,339 



Piastres. 



Great Britain 613,166,555 



France 154,013,087 



Austria 46,449,739 



Turkey 18,059,979 



Italy 10,676,418 '| 



Syria 8,919,227 



Barbarous States of Africa 2,667,328 



Belgium 2,019,390 



Greece 1,520,865 



The Pacha of Egypt holds friendly intercourse 

 with civilized nations. On February 1st he 

 was invested with the Grand Cross of the Bath, 

 conferred upon him by the Queen of England. 

 In June he visited the Paris Exposition, and 

 thence went over on a visit to England. 

 While at Paris he received a deputation from 

 the Antislavery Society, asking him for the sup- 

 pression of the slave-trade. In his reply, the 

 Viceroy stated that he was opposed to slavery, 

 but that Europeans were the real slaveholders 

 in Soudan, and that there was but little 

 slavery in Egypt. In consequence of this as- 

 sertion, the English Government directed its 

 consul-general at Alexandria to make inquiries, 

 and to report on the subject. This report was 

 not favorable to the Egyptian Government. It 

 undertook to show "that not only is slave- 

 trading pursued on the White and Blue Nile, 

 for and on account of the Viceroy and his gov- 

 ernment, but that an active trade is going on at 

 Cairo, where the number of slaves for sale, 

 white and black, has been estimated at between 

 2,000 and 3,000. The sales are conducted in 

 well-known localities, by men licensed by the 

 government, with, there can scarcely be a 

 doubt, the approval of the Viceroy. The 

 government now and then makes seizures of 

 slaves entering the town in default of the proper 

 tribute, but sends for the sheik and tells him 

 to put out the seized slaves to pachas and 

 others, not in the name of slaves, but of ser- 

 vants entirely at their disposal." 

 In October, 1867, the Viceroy recalled all the 



