FARADAY, MK'IIAKL. 



! AN BROTHERHOOD. 299 



rie- of inotlcrn times. The long 



INt of his threat .-eieiitilic aehleveiih -nts he-ins 

 with tlie-dUo>\ v\ "f tin- chlorides of earhoii in 

 la l.vjl he made tin- i_'ivat di-e,.very of 

 ;. -cii-iciiy. or electricity induced l>y 

 :\-'.n. This excited unusual attention, 

 ami in addition to inducing him to devoir him- 

 self tor many years to electricity, with almost 

 unparalleled success, was the means of causing 

 numerous other investigators to pursue the 

 irack. During the last years of his life, 

 Faraday had tin- gratification of witnessing the 

 application of his discovery on the grandest 

 scale, iif the practical production of light. His 

 electrical researches continued through the 

 greater part of his life. In 1829 he was ap- 

 pointed Lecturer on Chemistry, at the Royal 

 Military Academy, Woolwich ; and in 1833 

 Fullerian 1'rot'essor of Chemistry in the Royal 

 Institution. In 1839 he published the first of 

 his three volumes of "Experimental Researches 

 in Klectricity." The second volume appeared 

 in 1844, and the third in 1855. In 1846 he re- 

 ceivrd the U ti in ford medal of the Royal Society, 

 for his discovery of the rotation of the plane 

 of polarization of light nnder the influence of 

 magnetism ; and in 1847 he announced the mag- 

 netic character of oxygen, and the relations 

 toward magnetism of gases generally. So long 

 nice as 1835 he received, at the recommendation 

 of Lord Melbourne, a pension of 300 a year 

 from government. His scientific titles were 

 almost too numerous to recapitulate. In addi- 

 tion to being a member of all the Academies 

 of Science of any note in Europe, he was a 

 Doctor of Civil Law of Oxford, Knight of the 

 Prussian Order of Merit, of the Italian Order 

 of St. Maurice and Lazarus, Officer of the Legion 

 of Honor, one of the eight Foreign Associates 

 of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Paris, 

 and an Associate of the Paris Academy of 

 Medicine. 



In 1827 Faraday published the first edition of 

 his " Chemical Manipulation," a work that gave 

 ample proof of the versatility of the author's 

 talent and chemical knowledge, and which is 

 still a favorite with chemists. It is chiefly to 

 his "Experimental Researches in Electricity," 

 however, that he owes his world-wide and last- 

 ing fume. Many of Faraday's researches were 

 eminently of a practical character. Thus he 

 rendered important service to the manufacture 

 of steel, glass, and India-rubber. lie investi- 

 gated and discovered new alloys of steel, and 

 invented a new Composition for optical glasses. 

 He found that carbonic acid and several other 

 gases which had been supposed to bo perma- 

 nent, were in fact a species of vapor, which 

 may be condensed into the liquid or solid form 

 by cold and pressure. Yet though at no time 

 in the receipt of a large income, he steadfastly 

 refused to devote any portion of his time to 

 making analyses, or doing other work for the 

 chemical manufacturers, although well aware 

 that such work was far more profitable than 

 any other. For nearly half a century Faraday 



was one of the .most eminent of men de- 

 vnt. 1 to science. Learned societies and HOV- 



is vied with each other to do him 1, 

 lie liore his great eminence with childlike 

 graceful n r-^. In hi~ intercourse with men, his 



-ness and his love of truth won t: 

 miration and esteem of all. No one ever felt 

 jealous of his reputation, and no one ever dis- 

 puted his title to his discoveries. As a lec- 

 turer, he was charming, by his earnest sim- 

 plicity of action and expression; this is the 

 universal testimony. Hi.s weekly lectures were 

 one of the most attractive features of the 

 London winter season. He was married, but 

 loft no children to inherit his name. Faraday, 

 in addition to, and beyond all his titles, was a 

 true gentleman. His manners were character- 

 i/.ed by an extreme gentleness and tenderness 

 for the feelings of others. No one could write 

 to him for advice or assistance without receiv- 

 ing it, and his advice was sure to be wise and 

 good. He was entirely free from jealousy of 

 the scientific discoveries of others ; indeed, he' 

 delighted' in doing justice to the merits of his 

 scientific contemporaries. 



FENIAN BROTHERHOOD. Although the 

 threatening demonstrations of the Fenians dur- 

 ing the year 1867 have not culminated in organ- 

 ized hostilities against the British Government, 

 either in Canada or in Great Britain, still their 

 activity in collecting arms and organizing 

 troops ; the connivance and sympathy, real or 

 supposed, of the Irishmen who constitute a 

 large part of the British army and navy; the 

 resistance to searches, seizures, and arrests, in 

 Ireland and in England, resulting not un fre- 

 quently in riot and bloodshed ; their efforts to 

 establish a de facto government and obtain bel- 

 ligerent rights, in imitation of those granted to 

 the Southern Confederates by Great Britain in 

 the late civil war; and the sympathy and pe- 

 cuniary aid furnished by their numerous fellow- 

 countrymen in the United States all these 

 causes have operated to keep the British Gov- 

 ernment in a continued state of alarm, and to 

 excite the interest and attract the attention of 

 the civilized world. 



Early in the year, Tipperary County was 

 made the scene of an insurrectionary move- 

 ment, which was expected to result in a general 

 uprising in Ireland, and created great excite- 

 ment among the brotherhood in this country. 

 The revelations of the Atlantic telegraph were 

 watched with anxious solicitude in New York, 

 and from hour to hour the Fenian headquarters 

 were thronged with deeply-interested sympa- 

 thizers. Conventions were held in New York 

 (February 27th), and in Chicago, 111. (March 

 12th). The public meetings in New York, St. 

 Louis, Mo., and other cities at this time were 

 largo and enthusiastic; considerable sums of 

 money were thus raised, and more subscribed, 

 to aid and encourage " the men in the gap," as 

 the insurrectionists were familiarly termed^ In 

 addition to these measures, and to secure ^ for 

 their cause some political significance, applica- 



