FliKNCIl 



than to their other production-, sine,' in tli:it par- 

 ticular .-pecialty they an- further advanced than 

 any other makers in tin- world. There i> u cast- 



..:! \\.-i-liinir in-arly 15 tons (14,750 1 

 Man pounds), another of 9 tOU, and two smaller 

 lent surface, and giving a 

 ad ciear sound. A locomoth c c\ Tm- 



I intricate .-liape, cast in one piece, 

 .-ccms to have !>eeii specially selected Cor making 



iitliciilt to mould and to run as could be. 



asting, however, is perfect; the cylinder is 



out, and tho inner surface is of a very 



beautiful appearance. The outer surface is 



smooth and tree from nil inequalities, and tlio 



flide-valve face and other details show the 



perfection in the casting throughout. 



The IJoehum Company principally apply tho 



-s of steel casting to the manufacture of 

 railway wheels and of railway points. Tho 

 wheels are cast in groups, several wheels being 

 run together in one mould, and afterward 

 separated by cutting through the runners and 

 the bosses where they are joined. The moulds 

 stand on end, so that the wheels lie in them 

 with their di-ks or faces in a horizontal posi- 

 tion, one wheel above tho other. For the Ex- 

 hibition tho Company has made a special 

 casting of an exceptionally largo number of 

 such wheels, with the intention obviously of 

 showing their great facility of production in 

 this branch. This casting contains 22 steel 

 disk-wheels, and weighs 18 tons. It required a 

 mould of about 30 ft. in depth, and there is a 

 difference of head equal to about 24 ft. between 

 the top wheel and the one that was placed 

 lowest in the mould. There is, however, no 

 perceptible difference of quality in the ma- 

 terial of those two end wheels, which are both 

 partly turned to show tho metal. The top 

 wheel is free from air-holes, and has a very 

 good surface. There are cast-steel wheels for 

 locomotives of great beauty exhibited, about 

 5 ft. in diameter, and are cast, each wheel by 

 itself, in loam moulds. They are afterward 

 carefully annealed, and then turned and bored, 

 without being touched by the hammer or by 

 rolls. There are 20,000 locomotive-wheels of 

 this kind running on different lines, which 

 average a mileage of 60,000 miles, without be- 

 ing turned. The Bochum Company is making 



iner steel in considerable quantity ; they 

 show a rail of 48 ft. length, and of a heavy 

 American section. The rail is bent up cold, so 

 as to suit the space allotted to the works. 



Spiegeleisen. It is estimated that the steel 

 manufactures of England require at present an 

 annual supply of about 10,000 tons of spiegel- 

 eisen, of which the small district in the vicinity 

 of the town of Siegen, in Prussia, has, up to the 

 present moment, held a kind of monopoly. In 

 the A ustrian court there is somespiegeleisen sent 

 by the Company Rauscher, at Hei't, in C'arinthia, 

 and some samples from the mines of spathic 

 ore at Yordernberg. Amongst the Prussian 

 iron- works the Cologne-Musen Company is the 

 most important and most celebrated maker of 



-ci- n. The SuediM 1 ! exhibition contain* 

 no M. 1. 1 1 i-xhiliiti-il in that 



department, is made entirely without th: . 

 ferial. Jin-Man spie^deisen is shown by tin- 

 works at Nijne Tavnil, in the government of 

 1'erm ( >unil, tho only lie emer steel-works in 



<. and, of coin-'', u<es its own " spiegel" 

 for the steel manufacture. American up'. 



is -hown by the New Jersey Zinc Com- 

 pany. It, is made from franklinite, and looks 

 very line. 



1CACHINKBT AXD TOOLS. 



Transmission of Power. The transmission 

 of force by a rope passing over two pulleys has 

 been familiar to all, but the novelty is the 

 adaptation of this system to great distances 

 with economy 'and durability. M. Mini's first 

 attempt was to transfer the power of 12 

 horses from a waterfall to a distance of 88 

 yards. His next was to transfer 50-horse pow- 

 er to a distance of 264 yards. In 1857 he 

 transmitted 45-horse power to 1,100 yards. 

 In 1858 he carried 50-horse power to 1,260 

 yards. In 1859, 100-horse power was carried 

 1,080 yards, and also 60-horse power to 1,320 

 yards; and he recounts down to this time no 

 fewer than 400 practical examples of this 

 singular transmission. The principle on which 

 the whole of this is done is the substitution of 

 speed for matter. The science of tho process 

 and the principles of its construction have 

 been fully developed by M. G. A. Him and M. 

 T. Beuleaux, professor in the Polytechnic In- 

 stitution of Zurich, and the construction of 

 pulleys and machinery has been matured into a 

 .system. 120-horse power can be carried 150 

 yards without any intermediate support. The 

 two extreme pulleys used for that purpose are 

 from 13 feet to 14 feet diameter, making 100 

 revolutions a minute ; they carry a cable ^jths 

 of an inch diameter. For long distances it is 

 necessary to support the rope by a smaller 

 class of pulleys, 7 feet diameter, at distances of 

 160 yards. This calculation for the loss in 

 carrying 120-horse power 12 miles is only 21- 

 horse power. The loss is 2-J per cent, of the 

 power transmitted for the great pulleys, and 

 about 1 per cent, more for each 1,000 yards of 

 transmission. Thus the loss in carrying 120- 

 power 5 miles is roughly 3-horse power 

 to start with, and for the 5 miles, 5 x 1,760= 

 8,800 yards, being 8.8 + 3=11.8-horse power, 

 or, say, 12-horse power. For the same 120- 

 horse power, the prime cost of the apparatus is 

 320 for each mile, including rope, pulleys, 

 their supports, and the cost of erection. To 

 this add the expense of the terminal apparatus 

 consisting of the large end wheels and their 

 supports and connections, and that amounts to 

 1 per horse power. The whole apparatus, then, 

 for 120-horse power would cost 5x820=l,- 

 600, together with 120, making a total, of fl.- 

 720. It was not until 1860, after 8 years of trial 

 that a problem of transmission was ragvded 

 by the inventor as completely solved and per- 

 fectly successful. The method of tr 



