378 



GEEAT BRITAIN". 



March 31, 1867, it was 649,006 = $3,141,- 

 189.04; in the year ending March 31, 1868, it 

 was 705,865 = $3,416,386.60, not quite one- 

 half the sum which the single State of New 

 York, with about one-sixth the population, ap- 

 propriated for the support of common schools.* 

 For the year ending March 31, 1868, Parlia- 

 ment appropriated 344,700,= $1,667,348, for 

 public education in Ireland. 



V. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, PATTPEEISM, 

 AND CRIME. 1. Population. The population 

 of England and "Wales, in the summer of 1866, 

 was 21,210,020. The number of births in the 

 year 1866 was 753,188, and of deaths 500,938. 

 The number of marriages was 187,519. The 

 population of male to female children born in 

 England is as 104,811 to 100,000. The equilib- 

 rium is restored about the tenth year of life, 

 and is finally changed by emigration, war, and 

 perilous occupations, so that in the census there 

 are 100,000 women of all ages to 95,008 men 

 58,856 Englishmen emigrated in 1866 to other 

 countries. The estimated population of Scot- 

 land, in the summer of 1866, was 3,153,413, a 

 gain of only 30,000 since 1859. The number 

 of births in 1866 was 113,639, and of deaths 

 71,273. The number of marriages was 23,629. 

 Emigration is retarding the increase of popu- 

 lation of Scotland the number who emigrated 

 in 1866 being 12,307. The population of 

 Ireland in 1867 was estimated at 5,436,543, a 

 decrease of 328,000 since 1861. The number 

 of births in 1866 was 146,237, and of deaths 

 93,598. The number of marriages was 30,151. 

 During the year 1866, 98,990 natives of Ireland 

 emigrated to other countries. 



2. Pauperism. In 1867 there were in England 

 and Wales 655 Poor-law Unions or parishes, 158,- 

 398 adult able-bodied paupers, and 800,516 other 

 paupers of all ages, making a total of 958,824 

 paupers. In Scotland the pauper returns for 

 1866 show 885 parishes, with 76,229 paupers, 

 and 43,379 other persons dependent on the 

 parishes, making a total of 119,608 of the pau- 

 per class. In Ireland the returns for the 1st of 

 January, 1867, give 54,930 indoor and 13,291 

 outdoor paupers, a total of 68,650. The propor- 

 tion of paupers to the population was therefore, 

 in England, in round numbers, about one in 20 ; 

 in Scotland about one in 25; and in Ireland 

 only one in 80. The expenditure for poor relief 

 in England and Wales in 1866 was 6,439,515 

 = $31,167,252.60; in Scotland, 783,127 = 

 $3,790,334.68. 



3. Criminal and Judicial Statistics. The 

 police and constabulary force of England at 

 the close of 18G6 amounted to 23,728 men, of 

 whom 6,839 were metropolitan police, and 699 

 city of London police ; 739 police in dockyards, 

 etc.; 6,777 borough constables, and 8, 674 coun- 

 ty constables. We have no report of the con- 

 stabulary force of Scotland ; that of Ireland in 

 January, 1866, numbered 13,327 men, of whom 



* The expenditure for common schools in the State of 

 New York in 1866 was $7,376,880.22. 



11,649 were for counties and towns ; 1,089 the 

 Dublin police and 589 health and fire officers, 

 etc., known as the local force. The cost of 

 maintaining' the Irish constabulary force for 

 the year was 766.687 = $3,710,765. The cost 

 of the English constabulary and police force was 

 1,827,105 16s. 7(1. = $8,843,188.20. 



The number of persons of the criminal classes 

 in England and Wales -at the close of the year 

 1866 was 113,566, of whom 14,872 were under 

 sixteen years of age. Of these the known 

 thieves and depredators numbered 22,806 ; the 

 receivers of stolen goods were 3,077; prostitutes, 

 25,914, of whom 1,197 were under sixteen 

 years of age ; suspected persons, 28,580 ; va- 

 grants and tramps, 33,191. Of the whole num- 

 ber, 65,695 were males and 47,871 females. 

 There were also in local prisons (not including 

 debtors and military prisoners) 16,708; in the 

 convict prisons, 7,018 ; in the reformatories and 

 Industrial schools, 5,380, making a total of the 

 criminal and dangerous classes of 142,672, a 

 decrease of 2,186 on the preceding year. 



During the year the police had information 

 of 50,549 indictable crimes, and 27,190 persons 

 were apprehended; of these 20,684 were males 

 and 6,506 females. Of the whole number ap- 

 prehended, 8,002 (5,564 males and 2,438 females) 

 were discharged; 18,849 were committed for 

 trial, 14.254 were convicted, and 4,572 acquit- 

 ted. Of the convictions, 1,585 were for offences 

 against the person (including those for murder); 

 1,484 offences against property with violence ; 

 10,173 for offences against property without 

 violence ; 153 for malicious offences against 

 property; 417 for forgery and offences against 

 the currency, and 442 for other offences : 26 of 

 those tried for murder were sentenced to death, 

 of whom 12 were executed and the remainder 

 had their sentences commuted to penal servi- 

 tude all, with one exception, for life. 



Aside from these, there were 481,770 persons 

 brought before the magistrates on summary 

 process, charged with petty offences, of whom 

 393,181 were males and 88,589 females, and of 

 these 286,290 males and 52,801 females were 

 convicted and punished. 



There were in the year 1866 in England and 

 Wales 24,926 coroners' inquests, on 17,496 

 males, and 7,430 females. The total cost of 

 these inquests was 76,773 = $370,371.32. Ver- 

 dicts of murder were rendered in 272 cases ; of 

 manslaughter in 223, justifiable homicide in 

 five, suicide in 1,360, accidental death in 11,262; 

 found dead, 2,697; unknown injuries, 225 ; ex- 

 cessive drinking, 373 ; cold, hunger, want, ex- 

 posure, and neglect, 281, and 8,228 from various 

 other causes. 



The total number of commitments to the 

 jails, bridewell*, and local prisons of England 

 and Wales during the year 1866 was 136,741, of 

 whom 103,369 were males, and 33,372 females. 

 These include 10,598 debtors under civil process, 

 and 1,852 prisoners charged with military of- 

 fences. Exclusive of these there were 124,291 

 commitments, 44,381 of which were recommit- 



