INDIA. 



397 



water iii tin- Illinois during the season. 'I'ii'' 



improvement of i i- needed not only 



by tlic general biiMii' of tin- country, 



luit in order to render tin- canal as profitable 



to tli.' State ii- it i> capable of In in" made. 



IMMA, l'i:lll-il. a dependency (,!' ( 



I'.ritain in A-i:i. According to tin- "Statistical 



Tallies relating to the Colonial ami other Pos- 



p. xL: London, 1807), British India 



a of 1,004,010 square miles, and 



.'I. -Jin inhabitants. The receipts were 



7, and t he expend!; urea 40,052,897. 



The imports were valued at 49,514,275, and the 



export, at 09,471,791. An official blue-book 



en ty-two pages), published by the English 



nnieiit in ist'iT, dc-cribes British India as 

 h;i\ inir an urea of 955,238 square miles, and a 

 population estimated at 144,074,015 ; the native 



an area of 590,790 square miles, and a 

 population of 47,909,199; states under French 

 (!o\ eminent 188 square miles, and 203,887 in- 

 habitants; states under the Portuguese Govern- 

 ment 1,000 square miles, and 313,202 inhabit- 

 ants making a grand total of 1,553,282 square 

 miles, with a population of 193,100,903. The 

 population of Calcutta is above one million, a 

 partial 060808, taken in 1800, showing a popu- 

 lation of 377,924 for only that third of the 

 whole city which is under the jurisdiction of 

 the justices, at the head of whom is a Lord 

 Mayor. The population of the town of Bom- 

 bay was, according to the census of Februarv, 

 1804, 810,542; of the town of Madras, accord- 

 ing to the administrative report for 1803, 427,- 

 77 1 . The commercial progress of British India 

 <'f Into years has been astonishing/- In the 

 financial year 1840-'! the merchandise imported 

 i from foreign countries was of the value 

 of 8,415,940; in I860- 1 ! it had risen to 23,- 

 493,716; in 18G4-'5 it was 28,150,923, in ad- 

 dition to 21,363,352 of treasure. In the year 

 1848-9 cotton goods of the value of 2,222,089 

 were imported into British India; in the vear 

 1864-5 of the value of 11,035,885. The ex- 

 ports of merchandise from Uritish India in- 

 creased from 13,455,584 in the year 1840-'J, 

 to 32,970,005 in 1800-'!, and to 68,027,010 

 in 1864-'5. This last increase was of course 

 due chiefly to the effect of the American civil 

 war; in the year 1859-'00the export of raw 

 cotton from British India amounted in value to 

 5,037,024; in 18G4-'5 to 37,573,037. The 

 other chief exports in 1864-5 were opium, 

 9,911,804; rice, 5,573,537; seeds, 1,912,- 



indigo, 1,800,141; jute, 1,307,844. 



:it ranees and clearances of British vessels 



in that year at ports of British India amounted 



together to 10,911 vessels, of 5,417,521 tons; 



of European and other foreign vessels 1,755, of 



2 tons; of native craft 40,227, of 1,582,- 



864 tons. I,, the year 1864-'5, 2,747 miles of 



railway were opened in India, and conveyed 



>>,518 passengers. There were 1.421 post- 



'. ">">. 986, 646 covers were transmitted 



through the post, besides books and parcels. 



17. 1 17 schools and colleges were maintained or 



aided by the Government ; the average at 

 of pupils in them was 485,8!) 



nnu nt expenditure upon them i.:;'.il,277. 

 i'l. I7:;.l2ii:l were expended in tin- year upon 

 public works. 11,786 miles of Government 

 telegraph lines were op. ii. The gross public 

 revenue of I!riti.-h India increased from 20,- 

 124,088 in the financial year 1839-'40, t., 

 45,652,897 in 1864-'o; and the expenditure 

 from 22,228,011 in the former year to 46,- 

 450,990 in the latter. The public debt advanced 

 from 34,484,997 in 1839-'40, to 98,47 

 in 1864-'5. The troops employed in British In- 

 dia in the former year were 35,604 Europeans 

 and 199,839 natives; in 1864-'5, 71,880 Euro- 

 peans and 118,815 n: 



The results of the second census of the north- 

 western provinces, which was taken on January 

 10, 1865, were published in 1807. The Asiatic 

 population, according to this census, amounts 

 to 30, 115,312. Of these 16,148,945 are males, 

 and 13,900,367 females. As to age. 10,714,295 

 are under twelve years, and 19,401,017 above 

 t hat. As to creed, the Hindoos number 25,868,- 

 490, of whom 13,905,975 are males, and 11,902,- 

 515 are females, while the Mohammedans and 

 other non-Hindoo Asiatics amount to 4,246,822, 

 of whom 2,242,970 are males and 2,003,852 are 

 females. The census shows a decrease in 

 twelve years (since the census of 1853) of some- 

 what more than a quarter of a million, or 

 273,180; and in six out of the eight divisions 

 of this part of India the cultivation of land has 

 in these twelve years decreased by 970,949 

 acres. The number of Europeans and Eurasians * 

 is 27,761, of whom 22,692 are Europeans, and 

 5,069 Eurasians. 



A census of the central provinces was 

 taken on November 5, 1866, and is, with the 

 census of the northwestern provinces, the only 

 trustworthy one which has yet been taken 

 in India. There are in these provinces 9,104,511 

 souls scattered over an area of 114,718 square 

 miles, and paying a land-tax of 576,982. This 

 gives only 79 to the square mile, but 365 to the 

 cultivated square mile, a fact accounted for by 

 the prevalence of hill and waste in Central In- 

 dia, and by the devastations of the Mahrattas. 

 The census records the number of persons of 

 each caste in 1860 as follows: total number of 

 IHmloos, 6,864, 770: namely, Brahmins, 344,920; 

 Rajpoots, 241,748 ; Aheers and Gowles, 418,961 ; 

 Koonbees, 670,270; Teylees, 490,606 ;' Lodees, 

 234,767; Korihs, 139,770; Lohars, 85,112; 

 Koshtees, 101,590; Koomhars, 57,867: Brin- 

 iarras, 40,888; Cbumars, 539.037; Mangs, 

 25,850; Dheemurs, 213,828; Dhers, 560,438; 

 Telingas and Madrassees, 23,966; Kullals, 125,- 

 327; Makes, 153,048; Radices, 81,500; Mar- 

 warees, 6,486; Ooriyas, 2,145; Powars, 91,586; 

 Punchals, 6,282; Bunneahs, 111,450; other 

 Hindoo castes, 2,085,792; Mohammedany. 

 902; Gonds, 1,409,355; Bygars, 10,098; Knr- 

 koos, 89,114; Bheels, 25,454 ; Mariahs, 30,66:3; 



* Descendants of Europeans and Asiatic;. 



