PAPAL STATES. 



MJ'J 



fuithlc-s ho'idi-riiis whose crown ho put on Ins 



own head ; thus l.rini:ing to an rial, in 774, tho 

 in ..!' tlu- l.oinlianls, which had lasted 



In tin- \car in:.:; tin' Kmpcror Henry III. add- 



D8 of the Popes tin- city of 



m. i, \\ith the surrounding country ; and 



in llo-J the Counter Mathilda, of Tu.-caiiy. 1.. 



queathcd to the Holy See the provinces known 



riinony <>f xt. 1'i'tf (Viterbo and 



Civita Y.-rchia). l-'orli, and the rest of IIo- 



, became n portion of tin: Papal States in 



;;: l;;i'.-l ; and, toward tho end 



of tho fourteenth century, the Topes acquired 



full jurisdiction over tho Sabina. They acquired 



a in the year 1598, Urbino in 1626, and 



Orvicto in 1649. 



That French republic, which has rendered 

 tin- end of the last century forever memorable, 

 in tho year 17'.'7 invaded and occupied with 

 her troops, under (Iciicral Napoleon Bonaparte, 

 a portion of the Papal States, namely, the Le- 

 gations of Bologna, Ferrara, Imola, Forli, and 

 Ancona, all of which, together with the Emilia, 

 were then incorporated in the Cisalpine Re- 

 of them, with Rome, she oc- 

 cupied in 17'.IS with troops, under General 

 lorthier, who organized there the so-called 

 i;d led the protesting Pius 

 VI. captive to Sienna, then to Florence, and 

 1'mally to Valence in France, where he died, 

 being eighty-two years old. 



At the beginning of the present century, 

 when the same Napoleon Bonaparte had suc- 

 ceeded in overturning the unpopular Directory, 

 and taken the reins of the French Government 

 into his own hands, he restored to the Church 

 tho province^ ].;,< iously taken from her, and 

 ! Tins VII., just then elected at Venice, 

 to be accompanied by an escort of honor of 

 a troops in his first ingress to Rome. 

 But when, being Emperor, he was resolved, at 

 any price, to execute his plan (called the Con- 

 .xtem) against Great Britain, and re- 

 H noted the Pope to close the Papal harbors to 

 English commerce; then, because the Pope 

 judged that request to be unjust, and therefore 

 lirmly refused to comply with it, Napoleon, 

 acting now on his own account, by a decree 

 dated at Vienna, in 1809, declared tho Papal 

 States annexed to the kfngdom of Italy. lie 

 i himself Emperor and King, and gave to 

 his son, by Maria Louisa in 1811, the title of 

 Prince of Rome. He also caused Pius VII. to be 

 taken secretly away from Rome, and conveyed 

 to Savona, and soon after to Fontainebleau, 



hero he detained him a close prisoner (but 



ot iii irons) live years, till 1814. But this 

 high-handed spoliation was put an end to in 

 1 s 1 n by the Congress of Vienna, which restored 

 to the Apostolic See the greater part of the 

 territory of which it had been robbed. 



^ This t'-rritory has a superficial area of 17,572 



_Knglish square miles, and is divided into some 



'twenty Legations and Delegations, with 3,124,- 



668 inhabitants. But, in 1859 and 1860, in 



VOL. vii. 89 



consequence of an insurrection within, and 



other more powerful agencies without, tho Ro- 

 maj-i.a ami the Marche (fifteen Legations and 

 Delegations, embracing an area of 12,681 square 

 mile.-, with more than 2,430,000 inhabitant*, 

 and now forming part of tin- kingdom of 

 Italv ) detached them-eUe-, from the 1'oiitiiicul 

 unieiit. At that time, to prevent any 

 further spreading of the revolutionary move- 

 ment, France intervened, occupying with her 

 troops, for the Pope, the city ot Kome and the 

 Coraarca, together with the Delegations of Vi- 

 terbo, Civita Vecchia, Velletri, and Frosinone, 

 an area of 4,891 square miles with 092,106 in- 

 habitants. This is at present the extent of t^ie 

 temporal sovereignty of the Roman Pontiff. 



The French army of occupation, mentioned 

 above, was withdrawn from the Papal terri- 

 tory, not all at once, but in partial, successive 

 detachments (November, 1865; October, 1866), 

 according to a treaty concluded between the 

 French and Italian (lovernmenN, signed Sep- 

 tember 15, 1864, in four articles, as follows : 



ARTICLE 1. Italy engages not to attack the present 

 territory of the Pope, and even to prevent by force 

 any attack proceeding from the exterior. 



ART. 2. France will withdraw her troops gradually 

 as the army of the Pope becomes organized. The 

 evacuation will nevertheless be accomplished within 

 two years. 



AST. 3. The Italian Government will make no pro- 

 test against the organization of a Papal army, even 

 composed of foreign Catholic volunteers, sufficient to 

 maintain the authority of the Pope, and tranquillity 

 both at Rome and on the frontier of the Papal States ; 

 provided, however, that this force does not degen- 

 erate into a means of attack against the Italian Gov- 

 ernment. 



ART. 4. Italy declares herself ready to enter into 

 an arrangement for assuming a proportional part of 

 the debt of the former States of the Church. 



Notwithstanding the stipulations of this 

 treaty, however, the frontiers of the remain- 

 ing Papal territory were forcibly broken 

 through at different points in the months of 

 September and October, 1867, and repeated 

 invasions made into it by a vast number 

 of armed men, advancing from without, called 

 Italian volunteers, who directed their march 

 toward Rome, as to a concentric point, with 

 the publicly avowed purpose to capture that 

 city and make it the capital of the kingdom 

 of Italy. On this occasion the French Gov- 

 ernment intervened again for the Pope, at 

 the last hour, by sending a fresh expedition- 

 ary force, which arrived at Civita Vecchia 

 and Rome on the 30th of October. This 

 force has returned to France already, the army 

 of invaders having lost the day at Montana (a 

 few miles from Rome), in the short but de- 

 cisive battle which they fought on the 3d of 

 November with the Papal Zouaves, backed by 

 a small detachment of the French troops just 

 then arrived. These, it is reported, took little 

 part in the engagement, and only at the end. 



Of the above-mentioned 692,106 inhabitants 

 of the territory remaining at present to the 

 Pope, 326,509 belong to the Comarca, and two- 

 thirds of these to Rome. 





