PAPAL STATES. 



611 



.lion ; M-coiid, s and 



addicted to land-culture chielly, it' nut 

 : wheat on a ! 

 -- great fortune- ; ot' advo- 

 .iiid attorh 6 t'uiiclioiis arc quite 



.ill-ring both in ili;:nity and impor- 

 ., v both belong to the p 



; nt' men of letl ell as 



nce< and literature in all their 

 hran, attendants at yublic lec- 



:n ciilloges; of a large number of ama- 

 teurs and artists in tin- tine arts and their nu- 

 ll ramification*; of employes of the Gov- 

 ernment in all its departments; physicians, and 

 other*. The rest of the population is made up 

 of mechanics and workmen of all softs. A 

 very large proportion of this cla>s are domes- 

 icn at service,. permanently employed to 

 perform various duties in tho houses of the 

 noliles, card'mals, prelates, and the richer sort, 

 of the city population, 7,360 are in the mili- 



i-vice for the Pope. 



There are comparatively few merchants and 

 shop-keepers in Homo; and only enough to sup- 

 ply tho wants nt' its inhabitants for the necessa- 

 of life. But the Jews, who are 

 generally well-to-do people, and addicted to 

 commerce, furnish the inhabitants of all condi- 

 tions in the city with almost everything they 

 have use for, especially in the dry-goods line. 

 number is 4,050. They live together, oc- 

 cupying a separate quarter .-i-'.-igned them in 



. here they have a synagogue. 

 There are in Rome 42,313 families, 92,024 

 en, 87,819 women, about one-half of each 

 x being married persons, which is a much 

 higher standard than that of other European 

 capitals. 



As to beggars and recipients of public char- 

 ity, a recent number of a London paper. 

 though it seems not animated by a very friendly 

 feeling toward Home, Mates that they are, to use 

 .'i Is, " in the proportion of 1 for every 102 

 inhabitants, their total recognized number be- 

 .012," adding that, "in Paris, they calcu- 

 indigent person for every "19 citizens, and 

 in London, 1 for every 17." This kind of 

 social nuisance, if one may use the exprcs- 

 >>on, is generally complained of, and looked 

 npon as a great reproach to Rome, pointed 

 out to mark, 'as it were, the wretchedness of 

 edition; and yet it were perhaps to be 

 wished that the number of indigent persons 

 who appeal to public and private charity in 

 his, our city, were in proportion only double 

 hat of Rome. 



Government. The Government of the Papal 

 might be said to be patriarchal, or the 

 domestic government of a large family ; whoso 

 head, while he is of course the ruler with ab- 

 oluto authority, yet never takes or executes 

 ire of importance without first con- 

 sulting those among the members who are the 

 most prudent and IK -t-iuteiitioned, for the ad- 

 vantage of the whole family. Since 1847, after 

 the accession of Pius IX., several important 







public offices have been thrown open \, t the 



laity, which before had always been lil;. 

 Mime person belonging to the pr. 



\i"i.ii.:dl;. . i r in ! heOTJ . I ''" ^ ' ' " 

 till' enacts all laws, and nominate, to all high 

 but, in practice, both the legisla- 



ilid the executive power i> eZCTOUl 



a cabinet, which, in its organization and func- 



ditl'.-rs little from that of other KIIP 

 governments. It is a Council of Mini 

 composed of the heads of six departments, into 

 which the general administration of the gov- 

 ernment is divided. The name and peculiar 

 functions of each, as here set down, are taken 

 from a book lately published in London ; the 

 details given in it, in this and other respect-, 

 seem, on the whole, full and accurate. The 

 former are as follows : 



1. Tho Minister of State nnd Foreign Affaire con- 

 ducts the foreign relations, as the name of his office 

 implies. He is also, as it were, ex qfficio, president 

 of the Council of Ministers, which examines the most 

 important affairs, settles all differences arising be- 

 tween ministerial departments, promulgates measures 

 for the public security of the state, and nominates 

 the principal functionaries. 



2. The Minister of the Interior is tho head of the 

 internal administration of the state. Under his con- 

 trol are the provincial authorities, provincial coun- 

 cils, mayor and communal councils, and communal 

 magistrates, the archives, woods and forests, the 

 prisons, and the press. 



8. The Minister of Grace and Justice superintends 

 the administration of civil and disciplinary justice. 

 lie liiis under his control the tribunals, the judges, 

 the advocates, and attorneys, and their courts of dis- 

 cipline. To him are sent, for reference to tho sov- 

 ereign, all memorials and petitions for the reversal 

 of sentences ; he decides in cases of extradition, and 

 conducts the arrangement of judicial statistics, and 

 the periodical publication of the laws and acts of 

 Government. 



4. The Minister of Finance administers the prop- 

 erty and revenues of the state mines, quarries, 

 nstjfd duties, the property of the Apostolic cham- 

 ber, custom-houses, taxes (direct ana indirect), the 

 public debt ; registration, mortgages, tho post-office, 

 and the lottery. He prepares new tariffs. He pre- 

 pares also the estimates and accounts relat:: 

 each department ; and, when the whole has 

 submitted to and approved by the Council of Minis- 



lakes out the budget and the general account 

 of the state. 



5. On the Minister of Commerce devolves the duty 

 of directing all that relates to commerce, industry, 

 and agriculture, the conservation of ancient monu- 

 ments, nnd the execution of public works. Under 



utrol are the Chamber of Commerce, Exchange, 



stock-brokers, internal navigation, the merchant 



:ij>tains of ports, industrial and literary prop- 



.. eights and measures, manufactures, agricul- 

 ture, concessions of fairs and markets, public monu- 

 ments, roads, ports, bridges, and canals, which are 

 not provincial or national. 



' 6. The functions of the Minister of Police need no 

 particular mention in detail, they and their object 

 being well understood by all. 



The head of the administration is charg<nl 

 with the organization, discipline, and manage- 

 ment of the army, and with the guard and 

 maintenance ofthe forts for the defence of the 

 state, the military works in the 'interior and 

 on the frontiers, arsenal^ powder-magazines, 

 manufactories of arms, barracks, the military 



