I 'A PAL STATES. 



PARAGUAY. 



813 



of the |ni|iiil;iti<ni which constituted the Pon- 

 tifical dominions remain at pn-ciit to tin- Pope; 

 tlic other three-fourths ami t'oiir-tit'ths re-pec- 

 tively heiiiL: incorporated in the Kiir-dom of 



\vhich, in (In- llh article of it-; i 

 with I'Yancc, Mimed Septemher 15, 1804, and 

 here truiiM-rilicd in a preceding pajre, declared 

 itself ready, to enter into an arrangement for 

 proportional part of the debt of the 

 :!cs of the Church. The Bum total 

 of the said puhlic deht is not known with any 

 y. But a i>apcr which seems to have 

 taken irn-at pains to get at the items, in a late 

 is-tie, -tales the debt of the Pontifical Govern- 

 ment in 1864 as follows: "Consolidated, 150 

 million francs; Rothschild and Parodi loan, 

 lid million francs; pensions, sundry charges, 

 and donations, 90 million francs; loan of 1860, 

 5(> million francs; consolidated March, 1861, 10 

 million francs; consolidated November, 1861, 80 

 million francs; loan of 1863, 20 million francs 

 total, 460 million francs to which, if we add 

 the above-mentioned loan of 10 million scudi in 

 : ho whole debt of the Papal Government 

 might ho estimated, in round numbers, at one 

 hundred million dollars of our money in gold. 



id Commerce. Upon these heads 

 little or nothing can be said, there being no re- 

 liable data to give the reader any proper infor- 

 mation concerning them. It may be stated in 

 general terms, however, that the inhabitants 

 of the Papal territory are not a trading people 

 very few of them being addicted to commerce, 

 and this only to supply the wants of their own 

 countrymen. So also their manufacturing in- 

 dustry is almost confined to the consumption in 

 the interior, its objects of fabrication being silk 

 and woollen cloth the latter mostly of the com- 

 mon species gloves, felt-hats, paper, jewelry, 

 crape, perfumery, with other articles of luxury 

 and objects of art. Nor can we give a state"- 

 ment of its International trade, since we have 

 no statistics that might enable us to estimate 

 its amount even by approximation. The items 

 of the Papal States lately published in England, 

 such as exportations to, or importations from, 

 Britain, for five years 1862-'66 being 

 confined to one country, could be no sufficient 

 ground to form an estimate of their export 

 to, or import from, other places. In general, 

 the exports of the Papal States consist of wheat, 

 silk, wool, cotton, alum, sulphur, almonds, and 

 other articles. The principal articles of their 

 import are cattle, drugs, colonial products, met- 

 als, linen and woollen cloth, especially of the 

 liner sort, and others. 



\\ e need not mention here the peculiar 

 species of money, weights, and measures used 

 within the Papal States, the French system in 

 all these things having been lately introduced 

 there and generally adopted. 



".'/ The army of the sovereign Pontiff, 

 who is not a fighting prince, nor aims at con- 

 quests, is entirely formed by enlistment, which 

 I takes place in foreign countries (especially at 

 present), as well as within the Papal States. 



I 



In 1859 it consisted of 15,289 men, with 1,200 

 horse*, and in 1860 it was rained to 25,000. 

 This army was dissolved afterward, and 

 partly reorganized. At the beginning of 1867 

 it numhered very nearly 10,000 men, as follows : 



1 n-nliiii-ntof th<- lint- (Italians) 1,850 



1 battalion " CaccUtorl " ( Italians) 800 



1 ' JCouavi-s (French and Belgian).. 760 



1 " "CarablnliTi"(HwlH8) 650 



1 " Troop* of 8t Patrick (Irish).... 600 



1 " Garrison troops 650 



1 legion of Gendarmes 2,700 



Total of Infantry 8,000 



2 squadrons of Gendarmes 800 



2 " Dragoons (partly foreigners).. 250 



Total of Cavalry 



1 regiment Artillery 800 



1 company Engineers 150 



Staff 88 



1,039 



Total of all the troops. !..>s 



650 



Within that portion of territory which re- 

 mains at present to the Roman Pontiff, there 

 are three fortresses of some importance, name- 

 ly : that of Porto d'Anzio, a town on the shore 

 of the Mediterranean, at a short distance from 

 Rome ; that of Civita Yecchia, on the same sea, 

 about 45 miles from the capital ; that of Castel 

 San Angelo, within the walls of the city, and 

 not far from the Vatican Palace, with which it 

 has a covered communication. These fortresses 

 are now being strengthened, and other works 

 of defence erected at different points near and 

 within the city, the better to protect it against 

 possible attacks. 



Since the recent incursions into the Papal terri- 

 tory, made in autumn, 1867, by Italians attempt- 

 ing to deprive the Pope of the city of Rome, the 

 hopes of which attempt were frustrated by the 

 result of the engagement at Mentana before re- 

 ferred to, an extraordinary animation seems 

 to prevail in foreign countries in favor of the 

 sovereign Pontiff. Besides considerable gifts 

 in money and other things sent to Rome, great 

 numbers of volunteers have been transported 

 thither from all parts of Europe, especially 

 France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, and even 

 from the United States and Canada, to enlist in 

 defence of the Pope. Late reports speak of the 

 recent arrival at Rome of fifty young men from 

 Scotland, under the lead of a captain, who are 

 to form the nucleus of a legion of Scotch High- 

 landers. A large proportion of these recruits 

 seem to belong to the better classes of society 

 persons of education and refinement, and 

 able to live on their private means. 



PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. 

 President, General Francisco Solano Lopez, 

 born in 1827; assumed the presidency on Sep- 

 tember 10, 1862. 'Minister of the United 

 States in Paraguay, Charles A. Washburu, ap- 

 pointed June 8, 1861. Vice-President (ap- 

 pointed by the President in cases provided for 

 in the constitution), Francisco Sanchez, Prime 

 Minister (since May 25, 1865). The roini>try 

 consists of the following members : Presidency 

 and Interior, Francisco Sanchez, Vtee-Prwadent 

 of the republic ; War and Navy, General Bar- 

 rios (June, 1865); Jose Berges, Foreign At- 



