622 



PERU. 



bers: Interior, Dr. P. J. Saavedra; Justice, 

 "Worship, and Public Instruction, F. Osono ; For- 

 eign Affairs, J. R. Barrenechea (August, 1867) ; 

 Finances, Pedro Paz Soldan; War and Navy, 

 Martano Pio Oornejo. Minister of the United 

 States, General Alvin P. IJovey (appointed in 

 May, 1866). Area, 508,906 square miles ; popu- 

 lation, in 1860, 2,065,000. All the inhabitants 

 belong to the Roman Catholic Church, which 

 has an archbishop at Lima. There is only one 

 Protestant missionary at Callao. The reve- 

 nue, in 1862, was $21,245,832 (three-fourths 

 of which was from the sale of guano); the 

 expenses were $21,446,466. Deficit, $200,- 

 634. The national debt, on December 31, 

 1866, amounted to $50,140,621. The army, in 

 1866, consisted of 16,008 men; the navy con- 

 sisted of 10 vessels, with 92 guns. The value 

 of imports, in 1866, amounted to about $14- 

 000,000; the exports to $35,766,707. The 

 number of vessels entering the port of Callao, 

 in 1866, was 1,481, of an aggregate tonnage 

 of 998,045; and the number of clearances 

 1,517, of an aggregate tonnage of 977,688. In 

 1861, the merchant navy numbered- 110 ocean 

 vessels, of an aggregate tonnage of 24,234. 



No step was taken during the year to termi- 

 nate the war in which Peru and her allies had 

 for some time been engaged with Spain. The 

 mediation offered by France and England, and 

 again by the United States, was declined. 



General Prado, who had been for some time 

 at the head of the republic as dictator, was de- 

 clared by Congress duly elected President for 

 the term of five years. A revolution against 

 his administration broke out in May in 

 southern Peru, headed by ex-President Cas- 

 tilla. He landed on the Peruvian coast from 

 Chili, after seizing a large number of muskets 

 from the British mail-steamer on which he and 

 his officers were passengers. The people in 

 Arica, Ta'cna, Iquique, Islay, and other places 

 in the south of Peru, rose in favor of Castilla, 

 but the sudden death of that chief put an end t.o 

 the insurrection as if by magic. Another revo- 

 lution broke out in the latter months of the 

 year, headed, in southern Peru, by General 

 Canseco, a former Vice-President, and in the 

 north by Colonel Balta. The insurrection 

 soon became so formidable that the President 

 deemed it necessary to take the field himself 

 against Canseco. The revolution lasted until 

 the close of December, when the Govern- 

 ment troops were defeated both in the south 

 and the north, and General Prado resigned the 

 presidency and left the country for Chili. 



The Peruvian Congress, which met on the 

 15th of February, adopted a new Constitution. 

 The question oT religious toleration caused a 

 violent discussion. Congress finally adopted 

 the following three provisions: 1. That the 

 Roman Catholic religion was to be the religion 

 of the state, and, as such, to be protected and 

 maintained by the state. (Passed by unani- 

 mous vote.) 2. That the state could not rec- 

 ognize any other religion. (Passed with but 



three dissenting votes.) 3. That public wor- 

 ship by any other sect or denomination should 

 not be allowed or practised in the republic. 

 (Passed by forty-three against forty votes.) 



Congress also passed the following law on 

 the sale of guano : 



ARTICLE 1. The Government will not be able for the 

 future to make any new contracts of consignation, nor 

 prorogate the actual ones by the system of advance- 

 ment or any other means. 



ART. 2. The guano will be sold in Peru for each 

 and all the nations who consume it. The sale will 

 be made at public auction, fixing anticipatory notices 

 during six months for the quantity ot guano to be 

 consumed in one year, or two years at the utmost. 



ART. 3. The Government will proceed to make 

 contracts for the sale of the guano with the actual 

 consignees for the quantity consumed in their respec- 

 tive markets. 



ART. 4. These contracts for the selling of the guano 

 will be immediately submitted to the deliberation of 

 Congress, without the approbation of which they will 

 Be null and void. 



ART. 5. The Government must attend most strictly 

 to the faithful accomplishment of all the obligations 

 of the nation in favor of the foreign debts. 



ART. 6. If the Government can not raise any 

 funds in accordance with Art. 3, it is authorized to 

 procure them to the sum of four million soles, 

 making the most convenient contracts ; the same will 

 be submitted to Congress for their final approbation. 



On September 13th a treaty of friendship, 

 commerce, and navigation was signed between 

 Peru and Chili. The most important provisions 

 of this treaty are as follows : 



ARTICLE 1. There shall exist inviolable peace and 

 perpetual friendship between the Kepublics of Peru 

 and Chili. 



ART. 2. The citizens of each of the contracting par- 

 ties will enjoy respectively, in the territory of the 

 other, the same personal guarantees and civil rights 

 that are enjoyed by their own citizens, without limi- 

 tation, and all the rights conferred by their Constitu- 

 tions and laws to persons, property, correspondence, 

 and commercial liberty, to make contracts, and navi- 

 gate, and, in one word, to exercise any legal calling, 

 to acquire property^ and transfer the same ; either 

 by vendue or by will, in conformity with interna- 

 tional right, private and modern, and in compliance 

 with the special laws of other of the republics. It is 

 not prohibited to the citizens of either of the con- 

 tracting parties to navigate coastwise, or upon the 

 rivers of each, or to ports not declared ports of entry 

 to general commerce, in vessels of any size or ton- 

 nage, always submitting themselves to the rules, 

 regulations, laws, and ordinances, special or other- 

 wise, of the port or ports. 



ART. 3. The principle of equality of flags is accept- 

 ed in its fullest sense, and, to this endj vessels be- 

 longing to each country are to be considered as if 

 they were registered under the laws of each country. 



ART. 4. Commerce between the high contracting 

 parties will be treated by the rule of complete liberty 

 and reciprocity. In consequence, the natural or 

 manufactured products of each will be admitted into 

 the territory of the other free of duty, local or other- 

 wise, restricted only to the limitations and modifi- 

 cations that are expressed in the two articles that fol- 

 low. 



ART. 5. "With reference to wheat and flour, this 

 special rule is established: The first year of this 

 treaty the duty on wheat and flour will be only re- 

 duced in Peru one-fourth of the present duty, the re- 

 maining three-fourths are to be paid ; on- the follow- 

 ing year the three-fourths are to be reduced one-half, 

 and the next year are to be free. This, however, is 

 not to prejudice more liberal dispositions that, 



