TEST OF IRON BY MAdNKTISM. 



TOBACCO, CULTURE OF. 



Some curiom i-xp.'rim.-nN would seem to 



that it is not indillereiit \v!i 

 In- foi-ir.'d in tin- direction of tin- 



mcridian or in that, of tin- nia 



piano. Four pic.vs 'of tho l>e-t Howling iron 



!, two in the magiietir iin-ridian n<l 



iw<i in tin- i- jiiatorial piano. They Were 



worked down to J in. square from IJin. As 



tin- result of a small number of experiments 



- :\liy considers that it i- bc-t, fir ultimate 



1 ensile strength, to havo tlio anvil standing 



d \\'., and for a high clastic limit N. S. 



At tiist sight it might be heli.-\t-d that as 



almost any ilaw will cause a disturbance in rite 



compas needle, it would be difficult to toll a 



1'ition of continuity from a small 



. But this is met by the obvious reflec- 

 tion that. th>' range or distance through which 

 the net-die is disturbed must be taken into ac- 

 count. On reflection it will bo noticed, how- 



that an object rather short in relation to 



ameter is more difficult to try than a long 

 l>ar. 



Some Uriel' considerations will now deter- 

 mine the value of Mr. Saxby's invention to en- 

 gineer-, whether for trying new work of all 

 kinds, or even working details in a suspicious 

 state. In estimating the value, in the widest 

 ,en<o of the term, of any wrought-iron forging, 

 three qualifications may be considered as gov- 

 erning: (a) its limits of elasticity, or the 

 amounts it will yield in any given direction 

 without taking permanent sets ; (5) its ductil- 

 ity, or the permanent alteration it will take 

 b.-fore actual rupture; and (c) its ultimate re- 

 sistance, or the amount of the load it will stand, 

 per original unit of cross-sectional area, before 

 actual rupture. These three qualifications in a 

 complete forging are evidently 1, the absence 

 of defective welds, or of large solutions of con- 

 tinuity in the mass; 2, the absence of smaller 

 flaws or solutions of continuity either due (a) 

 to the presence of scoria or slag, causing what 

 are termed " grays," or small flairs, either par- 

 allel or across the longitudinal axis of a bar, or 

 (b) to cracks (often unsuspected) caused in the 

 working, when portions of the forging are too 

 cold ; or (c) to actual separations at the facets 

 of the elongated crystals of which iron always 

 consists, and due to loads of whatever kind 

 beyond the elastic limit ; 3, the chemical con- 

 stitution of the bar such as its freedom from 

 phosphorus, sulphur, arsenic, silicium, manga- 

 nese, etc. (apparently every thing but carbon 

 in small quantities) originally governing its 

 mode of crystallization, and hence more or less 

 its elasticity, ductility, and ultimate resistance 

 to rupture. Now Mr. Saxby's method can de- 

 tect the presence, and negatively of course the 

 absence, of small or large solutions of continu- 

 ity. It can detect false welds, smaller flaws 

 caused by bad workmanship or wear, and, wo 

 believe, what is commonly termed "crystalliza- 

 tion," which will, probably, once be generally 

 acknowledged to consist in a disruption or 

 parting of the facets of the amorphously ar- 

 VOL. vii. 46 



ranged crystals of which iron is built up. It 

 ' -f course, only detect the re- 



;eal < -titution of iron. a - > 



tli,- |e (lorfoot collision of th<- IT;. 



I, in rolativoly considerable .jiiai 

 with foreign bodies. Th< doubt that 



tin- n -."tliod is a te-t of tin- homoge- 



neous character of the iron, and of it 

 from fissures and cracks, and so far it undoubt- 

 edly forms a te^t of quality. It will appear 

 scarcely credible that a common pocket-com- 

 pass needle should be able almost like the 

 divining-rod -aid to be used for finding out 

 springs of water to discover important de- 

 ii large iron bars. A mere statement of 

 the fact does sound almost incredible until the 

 simple means actually employed ar < -xnlained. 

 TIMON, Right Rev. Jomr, D.D., Roman 

 Catholic Bishop of Buffalo; born in Pennsyl- 

 vania in 17'.i">, died in Buffalo, N. Y., April 10, 

 1807. His early years were spent in Balti- 

 more, where he received his collegiate educa- 

 tion, lie pursued his theological studies with 

 the Lazurists, at their seminary at the " Bar- 

 rens," Missouri, and became one of the most able 

 and devoted members of their order. Even 

 when sub-deacon he assisted missionary priests 

 of his own order, preaching at missions in Mis- 

 souri and Southern Illinois. When ordained 

 to the priesthood he travelled through the same 

 regions until his name became as familiar as a 

 "household word." Ho also labored in Mis- 

 sissippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana; and, when 

 subsequently appointed Vft-ar Apostolic of 

 Texas, labored with the utmost zeal in that 

 extensive region for many years, at the same 

 time attending to his ordinary duties as visitor 

 of his order. In 1847, Pope Pius IX. estab- 

 li-hed the Diocese of Buffalo, comprising within 

 its limits the counties of New York lying west 

 of Cayuga, Tompkins, and Tioga, and appointed 

 Dr. Tirnon, then Vicar Apostolic of Tex a 

 fyst bishop. He was consecrated bishop in 

 flje cathedral at New York, October 17, 1847, 

 arid proceeded to his see on the 22d of the same 

 month, and for twenty years proved himself a 

 faithful, zealous, and laborious bishop. Under 

 his administration the diocese had grown with 

 great rapidity, and in 1866 had 80 secular 

 priests, 36 priests of religious orders, 165 

 churches, 30 stations, 4 ecclesiastical institu- 

 tions, 35 clerical students, 9 male religious in- 

 stitutions, 18 female religious institutions, 5 

 literary institutions for boys, 18 literary institu- 

 tions for girls, 16 charitable institutions, and a 

 Catholic population estimated at 200,000. Bish- 

 op Timon was greatly beloved by people of all 

 religious denominations, and his death was uni- 

 versally regretted. During the late war 4 , Bish- 

 op Timon was conspicuous for his devotion to 

 the national cause. 



TOBACCO, CULTETRE OF. The cultivation of 

 tobacco has been rapidly increasing in many 

 parts of the United States within the past lew 

 years. It has been a favorite crop in Virginia, 

 Maryland, and North Carolina, from the earliest 



