76 



BRAZIL. 



made more than one futile attempt to destroy 

 his popularity, going so far at one time as to or- 

 ganize an association to oppose him. About this 

 time he published his "Golden Chain," which 

 had an immense sale, but was mercilessly crit- 

 icised by his rivals, on account of a few trifling 

 errors which it contained. These were cor- 

 rected by the well-known composer, Hastings, 

 who assisted Mr. Bradbury in the preparation 

 of several other deservedly popular musical 

 works. Among these were "The Shawm" 

 and "The Jubilee." "The Key Note" and 

 "The Temple Choir," both very popular, were 

 among his later publications. During these 

 many years of labor, Mr. Bradbury had not 

 neglected his studies in the art which he so 

 passionately loved ; but, feeling that there was 

 still much to learn, he went to Leipsic in 1847, 

 where he received instruction from the best 

 German masters. He studied harmony and 

 composition with Hauptmann, vocal music with 

 Boehme, the piano with Wenzel, and a first- 

 class teacher superintended his practice on the 

 organ. In 1854 he began in New York the 

 manufacture of pianos, and these soon ac- 

 quired a very high reputation for their excel- 

 lent tone and perfection of workmanship. 

 Meantime he was bringing out with great 

 rapidity those juvenile collections of music 

 which have made his name a household word 

 all over the land. Among them were the 

 "Golden Chain," "Golden Shower," "Gold- 

 en Censer," "Golden Trio," and "Fresh Lau- 

 rels," his last work. No collection of religious 

 music ever had so extensive a sale as these 

 books. More than three millions of copies of 

 his musical works have been sold. His exces- 

 sive labors induced pulmonary disease, and for 

 two years previous to his death he had been in 

 very feeble health. 



BRAZIL, an empire in South America. Em- 

 peror, Pedro II., born December 2, 1825 ; suc- 

 ceeded his father, Pedro I., on April 7, 1831. 

 The Emperor has no son. His oldest daughter, 

 Princess Isabella, is married (since October, 

 1804) to Count d'Eu, grandson of the late king 

 Louis Philippe of France. The second daugh- 

 ter, Princess Leopoldina, is married (since De- 

 cember, 1864) to the Duke Augustus of Saxe- 

 Coburg-Gotha. Duke Augustus has two sons : 

 Prince Pedro, born March 19, 1866; and 

 Prince Augustus, born December 6, 1867. 



A new ministry (Conservative) was appointed 

 in July, 1868, composed of the following mem- 

 bers: President and Minister of Finance, Sen- 

 ator Viscount de Itaborahy ; Interior, Dr. Pau- 

 lin Joseph Soarez de Souza; Justice, Dr. Jo- 

 seph Martiniano de Alencar ; Foreign Affairs, 

 Senator Joseph Maria da Silva Paranhas ; War, 

 Senator Baron de Murityba; Navy, Senator 

 Baron de Cotegipe; Public Works, Commerce, 

 and Agriculture, Joachim Antao Fernandez 

 Leao. 



Minister of the United States in Brazil, in 

 1868, was J. Watson Webb (accredited October 

 21, 1861) ; Brazilian Minister at Washington, 



Dominic Joseph Gonzalvez de Magelhaes, ap- 

 pointed in 1867. 



The area of Brazil is estimated at about 

 3,231,047 square miles. The population,* ac- 

 cording to a recent work published by the 

 Brazilian Government (L 1 Empire de Bresil, 

 Rio de Janeiro, 1867), was 11,780,000, of whom 

 1,400,000 were negro slaves, and 500,000 In- 

 dians. The population of the capital, Rio de 

 Janeiro, is estimated at 600,000. 



In the budget for the years 1869-'70, the 

 expenditure is estimated at 70,786,927 paper 

 milreis (350 paper reis, or 180 silver reis, 

 are equal to about 1& cents [gold]; 1 milreis 

 means 1,000 reis), the revenue at 70,000,000 

 milreis; the deficit at 786,927 milreis. The 

 chief source for the revenue are the customs. 

 The external debt, on December 31, 1866, 

 amounted to 381,189,950 milreis; the inter- 

 nal consolidated debt, on April 15, 1868, to 

 125,206,700 milreis. 



The standing army, in 1867, consisted of 

 25,844 men. The strength of the army em- 

 ployed in the war against Paraguay was esti 

 mated, in April, 1868, at 42,998 men, of whom, 

 however, 10,816 were reported sick. The to- 

 tal number of Brazilian troops forwarded to 

 the war since the commencement was 84,- 

 219 (up to May 1st). The fleet, in 1868, was 

 composed as follows: 1. Iron-clods, 17 afloat, 

 4 in course of construction. 2. Other armed 

 vessels, 63. 3. Vessels not armed : 3 frigates, 

 2 corvettes, 1 brig, 1 transport. There are also 

 (since the early part of 1868) twelve screw 

 launches intended for the police of the Ama- 

 zon. They are fifty feet long, draft three feet, 

 and mount a thirty-two pound swivel forward. 

 A fine steamer called the Arary had also come 

 from England for the Amazonas Navigation 

 Company, which steamer is 221 feet long, 26 

 beam, 10 hold, and of 739 tons burden. 



The imports and exports of Brazil during 

 the three years 1865-1867 were as follows 

 (value expressed in milreis) : 



Exports. Imports. 



1866-' 67 ........... 156,900,000 143,800,000 



1865-'66 ........... 157,000,000 138,100,000 



141,100,000 131,600,000 



Chiefly concerned in the foreign trade of 

 Brazil, in 1867, were the following countries : 



Exports. Imports. 



United States ...... 31,200,000 



France ............ 18,660,000 



Argentine Eepublic 7,000,000 



Portugal .......... 4,300,000 



4,300,000 

 22,000,000 

 12,300,000 



5,600,000 



The chief article of export is coffee,"of which 

 Rio de Janeiro alone, in 1867, exported 425,5 

 millions of pounds, valued at 87.8 millions of 

 milreis. 



The movement of shipping of the year 1866- 

 '67 was as follows : 



* The names of the twenty provinces into -which Bra- 

 zil is divided, with the name of the capital of each, and 

 the free and slave population, are given in the ANNUAL 

 AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA for 1867. 



