84 



BROUGHAM, HENRY. 



and effective, and greatly endeared him to the 

 people, whose sympathies were on the side of 

 her majesty. For the next ten years (1820- 

 1830) he was the popular idol, and he used his 

 power wisely and well. He pressed, persist- 

 ently, his scheme of national education, though 

 for a long time in vain ; was active in procur- 

 ing the establishment of the London Univer- 

 sity, in 1825, and projected and established the 

 first Mechanics' Institute, and the " Society for 

 the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge," in 1827. In 

 Parliament he devoted his energies to the pro- 

 motion of law reform, the abolition of colonial 

 slavery, and of the corporation and test acts. 

 Early in 1830 he resigned his seat for Win- 

 chelsea, but was immediately returned for 

 Knaresborough, and became the leader in the 

 House of the Reform party. In the dissolution 

 which followed the resignation of the Tory 

 Cabinet, Brougham was chosen a member of 

 the House from the county of York, mainly, as 

 he believed, for his powerful attack upon sla- 

 very in that year, and on the formation of the 

 Grey ministry the same year (1830) was made 

 Lord Chancellor, and elevated to the peerage. 

 He remained in office till 1834, when, with the 

 remainder of the cabinet, he resigned, and never 

 subsequently took office. Thp Reform Bill was 

 carried through by his zealous and persistent 

 efforts, which extended almost to positive coer- 

 cion of the King into the granting permission, 

 if necessary, for the creation of a sufficient num- 

 ber of new peers to carry the measure through 

 the House of Lords. Since his resignation of 

 the chancellorship, Lord Brougham had main- 

 tained an independent position in the House 

 of Lords, criticising freely the measures of all 

 parties, and advocating with great strenuous- 

 ness, and a fair measure of success, law reform, 

 and the perfecting of the system of national 

 education. Of late years, his temper, never of 

 the best, had seemed to become soured, and he 

 was, except on rare occasions, morose, peevish, 

 and dictatorial, to such a degree that many of 

 his friends were only restrained from alienation 

 of feeling toward him by the recollection of 

 his great services in the past. As an orator, 

 Lord Brougham was, in his day, inferior only 

 to Canning. Through his whole career he was 

 a rapid and voluminous writer. His contribu- 

 tions to literature and science occupy many 

 volumes, and include a very wide range of 

 topics, in all of which he seemed equally at 

 home. They are, however, with some excep- 

 tions, more remarkable for their rapid compre- 

 hension and clear nervous exposition of the 

 subjects of which they treat, than for any new 

 truths or original discoveries which they enun- 

 ciate, and were therefore rather of transient 

 than enduring interest. Abundant literary hon- 

 ors were heaped upon him. He was chosen 

 Lord Rector of Glasgow University, President 

 of University College, London, member of the 

 Institute of France, Chancellor of the Univer- 

 sity of Edinburgh, and D. 0. L. of Oxford. 

 His residence for many years past, when not in 



BRUNSWICK. 



attendance upon Parliament, was at Cannes, on 

 the Mediterranean, in the south of France. 



BROWN, Rev. JOHN NEWTON, D. D., a Bap- 

 tist clergyman, theological professor, and au- 

 thor, born in New London, Conn., June 29, 

 1803 ; died in Germantown, Pa., May 15, 1868. 

 He removed with his parents to Hudson, N. Y. 

 during his childhood. After obtaining an aca- 

 demical education, he entered Hamilton Lite- 

 rary and Theological Institution (now Madison 

 University), and graduated with honor in 1823, 

 and soon after was settled as a preacher and 

 pastor, at Buffalo, N. Y., and subsequently at 

 Maiden, Mass., and Exeter, N. H. Not long 

 after his removal to Exeter, in 1828, from undue 

 exposure to severe cold, he laid the foundation 

 of a pulmonary disease which tortured him for 

 forty years. In 1833 he removed to Boston 

 to prepare his Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowl- 

 edge, a work of great merit, and involving 

 extensive research, and after its completion 

 returned to Exeter and resumed his pastorate. 

 In 1838 he was chosen Professor of Theology 

 in the Literary and Theological Institution 

 at New Hampton, N. H. Here he remained 

 for six years with constantly-increasing repu- 

 tation and success as a theological instructor, 

 when the complete failure of his health made 

 a removal to a warm climate his only chance 

 for life. By a residence of somewhat more 

 than a year in Georgia, his health was so far 

 restored that he accepted the pastorate of a 

 church in Lexington, Ya., where he remained 

 four years. In 1849 he was appointed Edito- 

 rial Secretary of the American Baptist Publi- 

 cation Society, and in the preparation of its 

 works for the press, in editorial labors in con- 

 nection with the Christian Chronicle and the 

 National Baptist, and the preparation or revi- 

 sion of numerous religious works, he spent the 

 remainder of his life. He was often a great 

 sufferer, but had so far gained the ascendency 

 over the almost constant pain which afflicted 

 him that he rarely intermitted his labors in con- 

 sequence, and the amount of literary work he 

 performed was enormous. The Publication So- 

 ciety's editions of Fuller's and Bunyan's works 

 were carefully edited and annotated by him, as 

 were many smaller works of the society. He 

 had also edited and annotated with great care 

 Fleetwood's "Life of Christ." But his great 

 work, which unhappily he did not live to com- 

 plete, was an elaborate history of the Baptist 

 denomination, on which he had been engaged 

 for many years. 



BRUNSWICK, a duchy belonging to the 

 North-German Confederation. Duke,- Wilhelm 

 I., born April 25, 1806 ; succeeded his brother, 

 Duke Karl, in 1830. The area is 1,425 square 

 miles; population, in 1867, 303,401 (in 1864, 

 292,708). The capital, Brunswick, had 50,502, 

 and Wolfenbtittel, 10, 114 inhabitants. The du- 

 cal house will become extinct on the death of 

 the present Duke. The legislative power is 

 vested in one Chamber, consisting of forty- 

 three members. The budget for 1868 estimates 



