86 



greatly displeased the North. When, in the 

 autumn and winter of 1860-'61, it became evi- 

 dent that Mr. Lincoln's election would be fol- 

 lowed by the uprising of the Southern leaders, 

 and that a civil war would probably ensue, 

 Mr. Buchanan did all in his power to avert the 

 conflict. Desirous of preventing a revolution, 



CALIFORNIA. 



he still declared himself constitutionally with- 

 out power to use coercion to arrest or subdue 

 secession, and, at the expiration of his term as 

 President, retired, leaving the country still at 

 peace. In private life, Mr. Buchanan was of 

 exemplary habits, and polished manners and 

 address. 



C 



CALIFORNIA, one of the United States, 

 situated on the Pacific slope of the Continent, 

 having Oregon for its boundary on the north, 

 Nevada and Arizona on the east, Lower Cali- 

 fornia on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on 

 the west. Its area has been settled, after a 

 long controversy, at 188,981 square miles. Its 

 population in 1860 was 379,994, and a semi- 

 official enumeration at the close of 1867 gave a 

 population at that time, in round numbers, of 

 650,000, of which about 350,000 were males. 

 Full one-fifth were under eighteen years of 

 age. The proportions of the different races 

 were said to be: whites, 478, 000; colored, 5, 000; 

 Chinese, 60,000 ; domesticated Indians, 4,000 ; 

 wild Indians, 3,000. Of the white population, 

 about 130,000 were voters, of whom 85,000 

 were native Americans, 55,000 from the North- 

 ern and 30,000 from the Southern States. The 

 Germans, Swedes, Danes, and Russians num- 

 bered about 20,000 voters, the English, Scotch, 

 and Welsh, 5,000 ; Irish, 15,000 ; French, Ital- 

 ians, Spanish Americans, etc., 5,000. The as- 

 sessed value of personal and real estate at the 

 close of 1867 was $221,341,608 ; the State debt in 

 1868 was $4,700,000, and the debts of counties, 

 cities, and towns, about $12,300,000. The total 

 gold product of California, to the close of 1868, 

 was nearly $900,000,000. The production of 

 gold in 1868 was somewhat larger than in 

 either of the previous four years, the result not 

 of the discovery of new placers or quartz veins, 

 but of better and more thoroughly exhaustive 

 processes, especially in those extensive beds of 

 ore where the gold was combined or mingled 

 with iron and copper pyrites. Some of the 

 chlorine processes have in these ores proved 

 effective in the extraction of 90 per cent., or 

 more, of the gold contained in them, and in a 

 condition of nearly absolute purity. 



It is probable, however, that the gold prod- 

 uct of California will not for some years to 

 come ^ greatly exceed $30,000,000. But the 

 great increase and development of the agricul- 

 tural productions and manufactures of the State 

 have more than made up for the falling off in 

 the amount of gold produced. The largest 

 amount of gold ever mined in the State in a 

 single year was $65,000,000 in 1853. In 1867 

 the gold product was $25,000,000. The produc- 

 tion of other metals (quicksilver, copper, iron, 

 etc.), about $6,000,000; the export of wheat 

 alone was about $13,000,000. The wines of 

 the State brought over $2,000,000, and the na- 



tive brandy, about $800,000 more. The value 

 of the manufactures was $30,000,000, a large 

 part of which was exported. Here, then, in 

 these four or five articles was an aggregate of 

 $78,000,000, and, with the exception of the gold 

 and quicksilver, they were all imported, instead 

 of being exported, in 1853. 



There were no elections for State officers 

 held in 1868, the Governor and other State 

 officers, and the Legislature, being chosen in 

 1867. As stated in the ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA 

 for 1867, the Democratic candidate for Gov- 

 ernor, Henry H. Haight, was elected. The Le- 

 gislature, also elected in 1867, stood: Senate, 

 twenty -three Republicans and seventeen Dem- 

 ocrats ; the House, thirty Republicans, and fifty 

 Democrats, the Republicans having a majority 

 of six in the Senate, and the Democrats a ma- 

 jority of twenty in the House, and the Demo- 

 crats having a majority on joint ballot (for the 

 election of Senator^ of fourteen. At the ses- 

 sion of the Legislature in 1868, Eugene Casserly 

 was chosen U. S. Senator for six years from 

 March 4, 1869, in place of John Conness, whose 

 term expires at that time. In November, 1868, at 

 the election for President, members of Congress 

 were also chosen. The Republicans carried 

 the presidential ticket, polling 54,592 votes for 

 Grant, against 54,078 for Seymour, a majority 

 of 514. In the first congressional district, 

 Samuel B. Axtell, Democrat, was elected by 

 3,551 majority; in the second district, Aaron A. 

 Sargeant, Republican, was elected by 3, 140 ma- 

 jority; in the third district, James A. John- 

 son, Democrat, was elected by 164 majority. 

 The representation of the State in the Forty-first 

 Congress is, therefore, one Republican and one 

 Democrat in the Senate, and two Democrats 

 and one Republican in the House. 



The agricultural interests of California have 

 been more rapidly developed within the past two 

 years than those of any other State in the Union. 

 For the first ten years of her history she af- 

 forded a good market for almost every thingan 

 the way of agricultural, horticultural, or man- 

 ufacturing products ; the attention of her cit- 

 izens was given almost entirely to the mining 

 of the precious metals; but no sooner did it be- 

 come evident that her rich, deep soil was well 

 adapted to the growth of almost every crop 

 which could be raised in any part of the United 

 States, than she took giant strides in the way 

 of agricultural production, and the vast crops 

 produced on her virgin soil have enabled her 



