88 



CALIFORNIA. 



than the pure juice of the grape." The prod- 

 uct of California wine for 1867 was somewhat 

 more than 4,000,000 of gallons, and 400,000 

 gallons of brandy. In 1868 this production 

 will doubtless be increased by about 30 per 

 cent. Wine matures fast in the dry, warm, 

 evaporating air of California, and at three years 

 it has the age of eight years in Europe. The 

 grapes ripen thoroughly and evenly on the 

 bunches, and in 1,000 Ibs. there will be scarcely 

 a pound of unripe or rotted berries. The vine 

 suffers nothing there from elemental disturb- 

 ances. It is not mildewed nor storm-stripped ; 

 nor does it need leaf-pulling to give sun to ripen 

 the grapes. Stakes are used but a short time ; 

 soon the vine acquires great size of stem, and 

 they are dispensed with. In appearance the 

 vine in fruit is like an umbrella opened out. 

 The wines made are, in the order of the quan- 

 tity of sales, the white wine or hock, port- 

 wine, angelica, sherry, sparkling champagne, 

 muscat, and claret. The silk-culture is extend- 

 ing with great rapidity, but the size and excel- 

 lence of the California cocoons and silkworm- 

 eggs have created such a demand for them in 

 Europe, that it is, and probably will be for 

 some years to come, more profitable to export 

 them than to manufacture the silk in Cali- 

 fornia. 



The development of the various MANUFAC- 

 TURING INDUSTRIES of California has been rapid, 

 but healthful. In every department of manu- 

 facture, the wares, goods, furniture, or machin- 

 ery produced, are of the highest excellence, not 

 merely makeshifts to keep out the goods or 

 wares of the Eastern States, or of other coun- 

 tries, but of such quality that a demand has 

 at once sprung up for them abroad, generally 

 very far beyond the ability of the manufactur- 

 ers to supply. Woollen goods have only been 

 manufactured in the State since 1859, yet be- 

 tween 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 Ibs. of wool 

 are now consumed, and blankets, broadcloths, 

 tweeds, cassimeres, flannels, shawls, and cloak- 

 ings produced, all of the best quality. Their 

 blankets and flannels in the Paris Exposition 

 of 1867 took the first premium over all other 

 American manufacturers. There has been a 

 commencement of cotton and flax manufactur- 

 ing, mainly of flour-bags, osnaburgs, drills, etc., 

 and nearly $500,000 worth of these goods is 

 produced. The flouring-mills of the State 

 produced in 1868 over 1,000,000 barrels of 

 flour, of which more than 600,000 barrels were 

 exported. The sugar-refineries, drawing their 

 crude sugar and molasses from the Hawaian 

 Islands, Central America, Manila, Batavia, and 

 Peru, produced in 1868 over $3,000,000 of 

 manufactured sugar and syrup. But it is in the 

 manufacture of railroad iron, machinery, loco- 

 motives, steam-engines, mining and agricultural 

 machinery, iron plates for armored vessels and 

 for building purposes, sheet-iron, and small ar- 

 ticles made of sheet, cast, or rolled iron, that 

 the largest amount of capital has been invested, 

 and the greatest number of operatives em- 



CANDIA, OK CEETE. 



ployed. Nearly $3,000,000 worth of castings 

 alone was produced in the 15 manufactories 

 of San Francisco only, in 1868, while the 25 

 other iron-works in other parts of the State 

 produced probably nearly as much more. Wire- 

 rope, cordage, wire-cloths, etc., are also largely 

 manufactured. Lumber of the softer woods, 

 pine, fir, spruce, cedar, and redwood, is pro- 

 duced to the extent of over 250,000,000 feet 

 annually. The leather of California, tanned 

 with the bark of the chestnut-oak (which is 

 said to contain more tannin than any other 

 species of oak), has the highest reputation in 

 the markets of the world, and all the surplus 

 is exported. Over 100,000 hides are tanned 

 annually. Gunpowder, fuse, paper, glass, 

 soap, candles, glue, chemicals, vegetable-oils, 

 lime, cement, boots and shoes, saddlery and 

 harness of excellent quality, wagons, carriages, 

 agricultural implements, furniture, pianos, or- 

 gans, billiard-tables, malt liquors, brooms, 

 wood and willow-ware, clothing, shirts, type, 

 stereotype and electrotype plates, cigars, furs, 

 packed meats, dried and canned fruits, sashes, 

 blinds, stairs, mouldings, pitch, rosin, and tur- 

 pentine, etc., are among the other manu- 

 factures of considerable magnitude in the 

 State. 



CANDIA, or CEETE, an island belonging to 

 the Turkish empire. The area of Candia, in- 

 clusive of a number of small adjacent islands, 

 is about 3,319 square miles. The population 

 amounts, according to Captain Spratt (" Travels 

 and Researches in Crete," London, 1865), to 

 .about 210,000, living in about 800 villages, and 

 the three towns, Candea, Canea (Khania), and 

 Retimo. According to another recent work on 

 Candia (Elpis Melena, Die Insel Greta, unter 

 der Ottomanischen Verwaltung, Vienna, 1867), 

 the population of Crete numbers about 300,000, 

 of which 220,000 belong to the orthodox Greek 

 Catholic Church, and the rest to Islam. The 

 Cretan Mohammedans are not Turks, but 

 Greeks, like the rest of the Cretans, who, under 

 pressure of foreign conquest, have adopted the 

 religion of the conquerors.* 



The insurrection of the Cretan Christians 

 against Turkish rule continued throughout the 

 year. The Turkish Government several times 

 officially announced the end of the insurrection, 

 and the restoration of quiet ; but all these re- 

 ports proved untrue. As the war through- 

 out the year consisted almost exclusively of 

 guerilla operations, the military history of the 

 revolution is not of importance. A large 

 number of engagements took place, in which . 

 generally both parties claimed to have ob- 

 tained a victory. 



The Turkish Grand- Vizier, Ali Pacha, who 

 had arrived in Crete on October 4, 1867, con- 

 voked an assembly of delegates to discuss the 

 best means for improving the condition of the 

 island. The assembly was opened on the 23d of 

 November, and consisted of seventy-five mem- 



* For fuller statistical and historical information, see 

 ANNUAL AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA for 1867. 





