208 CUSHMAN, EGBERT W. 



in his manners, was positive and determined in 

 his opinions, and always self-reliant and inde- 

 pendent in his views. 



CUSHMAN, Rev. ROBERT WOODWAKD, D. D., 

 a Baptist clergyman, teacher, and author, born 

 in Woolwich, Me., April 10, 1800 ; died in South 

 Beading, Mass., April 7, 1868. Left an orphan 

 at an early age, his struggles with poverty in 

 his childhood were very severe, but he was 

 unflinching in his determination to acquire an 

 education, and, with very slight assistance from 

 others, qualified himself to enter Columbian 

 College, Washington, D. 0., at the age of 

 twenty-one years, and graduated in 1825. In 

 August, 1826, he was settled as pastor of the 

 Baptist Church in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., but, 

 after a three years' pastorate, his health re- 

 quiring a milder climate, he removed to Phila- 

 delphia, and established the Cushman Colle- 

 giate Institute, a female seminary of high grade 

 in that city, which he managed with great suc- 

 cess for twelve years. In 1841 he accepted a 

 call from the Bowdoin Square Baptist Church, 

 Boston, to become their pastor, and was 

 eminently successful in that relation for six 

 years, when he again sought a milder climate, 

 and established a female seminary in Washing- 

 ton, D. C., which, like his former enterprise, 

 was prosperous from the beginning. After a 

 few years he returned to Boston and supplied 

 the First Baptist Church in Charlestown for 

 several years, though he was never formally 

 installed as their pastor. He had during most 

 of this period the charge of a female seminary 

 in Boston, which he managed with his accus- 

 tomed success. He also at this period, as well 

 as previously, contributed freely to the peri- 

 odical press, and published several small works. 

 One of these, " A Pure Christianity the World's 

 only Hope," has passed through numerous edi- 

 tions. He was a chaste and elegant writer, his 

 style being formed on the best models, and 

 while he avoided carefully all meretricious or- 

 nament, his language was always graceful and 

 dignified. His health having become impaired, 

 he retired from active life in 1863, and in the 

 quiet of his beautiful home at Village Side, 

 South Reading, spent the evening of his days. 



CUSTOMS (ZOLL) PARLIAMENT OF 

 GERMANY. By virtue of the treaty con- 

 cluded by the members of the German Zoll- 

 verein on the 4th of June, 1867, the customs 

 legislation was thenceforth to belong to the 

 Federal Council of the North-German Con- 

 federation, to which the South-German States 

 should send thirteen plenipotentiaries, and to 

 a Customs (Zoll) Parliament, composed of 297 

 members of the North-German Reichstag, and 

 of 86 deputies from the Southern States, chosen 

 according to the electoral law of the North- 

 German Confederation, as follows: by Bavaria, 

 48; Wurtemberg, 18; Baden. 14; Hesse-Darm- 

 stadt, 6. 



The results of the elections in the South- 

 German States greatly disappointed the hopes 

 of the National Liberals, the party in favor of 



CUSTOMS (ZOLL) PARLIAMENT. 



the unification of Germany under the lead of 

 Prussia, wlio had confidently expected that 

 their representatives in the Reichstag would 

 gain such large accessions by the elections in 

 the Southern States as to give them a good 

 working majority in the Customs Parliament. 

 Their plan, in that event, was, that the Cus- 

 toms Parliament, immediately after its organi- 

 zation, should transform itself from a Zoll- 

 Parliament into a FoZZ-Parliament, that is to 

 say, not confine itself to the subject of taxa- 

 tion and duties, but extend its deliberations to 

 politics and the unity principle. Toward the 

 close of the year 1867, however, the adversaries 

 of German unity under the lead of Prussia in 

 the Southern States the Particularists, Great- 

 Germans, Ultramontanes, and Radical Demo- 

 crats succeeded in effecting a fusion in oppo- 

 sition to the National Liberals, and, after a 

 campaign of unparalleled excitement in the 

 political history of Germany, inflicted upon the 

 latter a defeat, which, as the sequel proved, 

 was sufficiently decisive to thwart the plans of 

 the National Liberals. 



The elections for the Customs (Zoll) Parlia- 

 ment took place in Bavaria on the 23d of Janu- 

 ary, 1868, and resulted in the success of 24 

 National Liberals and 24 Particularists; in 

 Baden, where the elections were held on 

 March 3d, the National Liberals elected eight 

 members, and the Particularists six ; in Hesse- 

 Darmstadt, each of the two parties elected, on 

 the 2d of April, three members ; and in Wur- 

 temberg the Particularists defeated, on the 5th 

 of April, the National Liberals in every district 

 in the kingdom. On the opening of the Par- 

 liament the distribution of parties was as fol- 

 lows : South-German Particularists, 50 ; South- 

 German National Liberals, 35 ; North-German 

 Conservatives, 79 ; Liberal (or Free) Conser- 

 vatives, 47 ; National Liberals, 76 ; Centre, 30 ; 

 Left, 16; Particularists (Hanoverians, Saxons, 

 etc.), 37. 



The Customs Parliament was opened by the 

 King of Prussia, in Berlin, on the 27th of April, 

 with a speech from the throne, in which " he 

 first called upon the delegates to carry their 

 minds back forty years to the early history of 

 the Zollverein. The need of the German peo- 

 ple for freedom of commercial intercourse 

 among themselves had gradually, by the force 

 of the national idea expressing that want, ex- 

 tended the Zollverein from a small beginning 

 over the major portion of Germany; thereby 

 creating unity of interests, victoriously sur- 

 mounting heavy trials, and taking up a satis- 

 factory position in the commerce of the world. 

 Since the commencement of the reorganization 

 that had been undertaken, the existing arrange- 

 ment had yet appeared insufficient for the rapid 

 development of commerce in all directions. The 

 well-justified demand of the people for an effec- 

 tive share in the legislation upon the politico- 

 economical changes of the country required the 

 formation of a representative assembly for the 

 Zollverein. The deliberations would range 



