HAYTI. 



HESSE-DAKMSTADT. 



341 



the civil war in this country, sent a strong force, and 

 assumed to have annexed the Dominican portion of 

 the island, and reestablished it once more as a colony 

 and most boldly did he respond to that call, sacri- 

 ficing most of his property to supply arms and ammu- 

 nition, as well as throwing his whole influence and 

 prestige into the cause, leading in person a portion 

 of her troops ; and to him, as much, if not more than 

 any one person, is due the credit of exterminating the 

 Spaniards from the island, and placing the Govern- 

 ment once more in the hands of the natives. 



During his absence, the affairs of his country had 

 undergone a great change. Geffrard, having once 

 tasted the sweets of political honor, and having the 

 means and opportunity of gratifying to the fullest ex- 

 tent his sensuality (for it is said that he was a noto- 

 riously licentious man), began to look about him to 

 see who . might possibly stand in the way^ of his re- 

 maining in power, and from some unexplained cause, 

 fearing the popularity and influence of one General 

 Oge Longuefosse. an old and valued friend of Sal- 

 nave's, he ignommiously laid a snare to entrap him, 

 then ordered his arrest, and had him confined in a 

 dark, damp dungeon, with shackles upon his hands 

 and feet. 



Knowing the unjustness and treachery of the act, 

 Salnave rallied around him at once a few followers 

 and seized the arsenal at Cape Haytien. The act, 

 however courageous and praiseworthy, was ill-timed. 

 Forced to abandon the enterprise, he sought refuge 

 in the Dominican territory, and General Longuefosse 

 was ordered to be shot, when at last the wife of Sal- 

 nave presented herself before Geffrard, asking for his 

 pardon and permission to return. Taking advantage 

 of his position, it is said that he so far debased him- 

 self as to propose such conditions, that she, as a true 

 woman and loyal wife, left his presence with scorn 

 and loathing, acquainting, at the earliest opportunity, 

 her husband of the facts. From that moment he re- 

 solved never again to sheath his sword till he had 

 driven forever from his country its base ruler. Call- 

 ing to his side a few followers, he attacked and took 

 possession of the hamlet of Cuanaminthe, on the 

 Haytien border; from thencs, by a forced march to. 

 Cape Haytien, where, raising his standard^ and with' 

 but a corporal's guard, he held possession of the 

 place for six months, although besieged by a force 

 under Geffrard of some 16,000 men, and wxmld doubt- 

 less have succeeded, had not Geffrard induced his 

 friend, MX. Spencer St. John, the English consul- 

 general, to cause her Majesty's steamer Bulldog 

 to bombard the fortifications of Salnave, and thus 

 facilitate his entry into the city, and forcing Salnave 

 to accept the protection offered to him by Captain 

 Walker, of the United States gunboat De Soto, 

 who conveyed him once more to the Dominican por- 

 tion of the island, whence he embarked with a few 

 followers for Turk's Island, there to develop more 

 fully his plans, and renew again his attack. The 

 seed he had sown, however, began to germinate, and 

 on < the 22d of February, 1867, there was a general 

 rising in his favor in Port-au-Prince, and a few days 

 later some fourteen of his friends, headed by General 

 Chevalier, landed at night at St. Marcs, and took 

 possession of the town. Geffrard, fearing longer to 

 oppose the popular will, embarked at midnight, on 

 the 13th of Alarch, on board the French ship-of-war 

 Destaing, which conveyed him and his family to 

 Kingston, together with the public treasure, and all 

 valuables that could be embarked. A provisional 

 government was at once established, and a deputation 

 sent to Turk's Island, recalling Salnave. Upon land- ' 

 ing at the capital, the people received him with the 

 greatest enthusiasm, and he was finally elected Presi- 

 dent of the Republic by a majority of the votes of the 

 Chambers. Since that time the old adherents of 

 Geffrard have been constantly intriguing and plotting 

 against him, and have gathered together a horde of 

 guerillas, who have been aptly styled, by the people, 

 "Cacos," after a species of lizard indigenous to the 



country, who immediately hide themselves upon the 

 approach of any one. They are principally wood- 

 cutters and outlaws, who live between the Dominican 

 and Haytien borders. 



In person Salnave is of very commanding presence, 

 about six feet in height, of regular features, large, lus- 

 trous eyes, dark complexion, about the color or our 

 Indians ; is now thirty-six years of age, rather re- 

 served in his manners, says but little, and that to the 

 point ; 'although bred to arms, dresses habitually in 

 plain citizen's dress ; has an iron constitution, and is 

 capable of undergoing great fatigue with little or no 

 apparent effort. He has a good education in compar- 

 ison with those around him, and displays wonderful 

 sagacity and character in his official correspondence. 

 He is a true and earnest friend as well as an implaca- 

 ble foe. 



In November the insurgents in the south 

 proclaimed General Domingue President, and 

 those in the north General Nissage Saget, so 

 that Hayti, for the time, had three rival Presi- 

 dents. 



HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER, Baronet, 

 K. 0. B., D. 0. L., F. B. S., an English statesman, 

 scholar, and art connoisseur, for seven years 

 Governor-General of Canada, born in Bayleigh, 

 Essex, in 1805 ; died in London, January 28, 

 1868. He was educated in "Winchester and 

 Oriel College, Oxford, graduating B. A. in 1827, 

 obtaining a first class in classics. He subse- 

 quently became a Fellow of Merton College, 

 Oxford, and in 1834 was appointed University 

 Examiner. He was for many years one of the 

 Poor-Law Commissioners. In October, 1847, 

 he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New- 

 Brunswick, and in 1854 promoted to be Gover- 

 nor-General of Canada. He retired from office 

 in 1861, and on his return home in 1862 was ap- 

 pointed a Civil Service Commissioner. He was 

 a most accomplished scholar, both in ancient 

 and modern languages, and had a very high 

 reputation as an art connoisseur, which was 

 enhanced by his admirable "Hand-book of 

 Spanish Painters," and his other writings in 

 art. He had also written extensively on phil- 

 ological subjects, and his attainments in ety- 

 mology were extensive. A discussion on the 

 auxiliary verbs "shall and will," from his pen, 

 attracted much attention some years since. 



HESSE-DARMSTADT, a grand-duchy of 

 Germany. Grand-duke, Ludwig III., born 

 June 9, 1806 ; succeeded his father June 16, 

 1848. Area, 2,970 square miles; population, 

 according to the census of 1867, 823,138. 

 Hesse-Darmstadt forms part of the North-Ger- 

 man Confederation, but only for the province 

 of Upper Hesse, and two little communities 

 north of the river Main, belonging to the other 

 provinces, together with 257,479 inhabitants. 

 The population of the two principal cities was, 

 in 1867, as follows ; Mentz (a fortress of the 

 North-German Confederation), 43,108 ; Darm- 

 stadt (capital), 31,389. The budget for one 

 year of the financial period from 1866-'68 esti- 

 mates the revenue at 9,407,008 ; the expendi- 

 ture at 7,371,952 guilders. The public debt (ex- 

 clusive of railroad debt) amounted, at the close 

 of 1866, to 2,088,000 florins. 



