INDIA. 



373 



annual administrative reports. The basis of 

 the statistical system is that recommended some 

 years ago by the International Statistical Con- 

 gress, and adapted to India, The five great 

 divisions are Statistics of Physical, Political, 

 and Fiscal Geography ; of Protection, of Pro- 

 duction and Distribution, of Instruction, and 

 of Life. The first includes physical geography, 

 or the area, character of the surface and cli- 

 mate, political relations with native states, civil 

 divisions, and machinery, of British territory, 

 population classified as far as possible, and 

 fiscal statistics, including survey, settlements, 

 land tenures, and land revenue. The second 

 division embraces legislation, the courts civil 

 and criminal, prisons, police, the army, and the 

 marine. Under the third division we have 

 finance, public works, railways, agriculture, 

 prices of produce and labor, mines, manufac- 

 tures, trade, coinage, and currency, and chari- 

 table institutions. In the fourth division we 

 find an ecclesiastical head, including places of 

 worship and ministers of all creeds, education, 

 and literary and scientific societies and publica- 

 tions. The division of vital statistics has three 

 heads births, deaths, and marriages, hospital 

 returns, and vaccination returns. 



The first full financial account was published 

 by the Government of India at the close of the 

 year 1868. In this financial account the gross 

 revenue of India for the year ending March 31, 

 1868, is estimated at 48,363,269. The gross 

 receipts from land revenue, including tribute, 

 is stated at 23,467,700 ; customs, 2,545,200 ; 

 salt, 6,024,300; opium, 8,814,200; stamps, 

 2,393,900; post-office, 652,300; telegraphs, 

 298,916 ; license-tax, 658,000. The expen- 

 diture for the year 1867-'68 is estimated at 

 46,708,146. The payments in realization of 

 revenue, 9,227,331, include 2,486,700 on 

 land revenue; 1,863,200, opium; 209,000, 

 customs; 353,300, salt; 543,349, post- 

 office; telegraphs, 645,934; allowances un- 

 der treaties, 2,082,379. " Charges," including 

 interest on debt and public works ordinary, 

 amount to 36,238,415; and the charge for 

 guaranteed interest on railway, etc., capital, 

 deducting net traffic receipts, amounts to 

 1,242,400. The ordinary expenditure in the 

 year 1867-'68, 46,708,146, would leave a sur- 

 plus of 1,'656,123 ; but a charge of 2,761,200 

 for public works extraordinary converts this 

 surplus into a deficiency of 1,106,077. Owing 

 to the change in the financial year, which does 

 not now terminate on the 30th of April (but, 

 as at home, on the 31st of March), these items 

 have to compare with those for the preceding 

 11 months only. The result of those 11 months 

 is stated to have been a receipt of 42,122,433, 

 and an expenditure of 44,639,924, showing an 

 excess of expenditure over income to the extent 

 cf 2,517,491. 



Constant and most satisfactory progress is 

 made in the department of public instruction. 

 In 1868 the University of Bombay supplied 

 upward of 500 candidates for matriculation 



against 440 last year, a number that is large 

 in proportion to its population. In Calcutta, 

 the list of entrance candidates rose from 1,350 

 last year to 1,509, making a total number of 

 12,161 in the 11 years since the foundation 

 of the university. Of the 1,509 candidates 

 from Northern India and Ceylon, 1,228 were 

 Hindoos, 103 Christians, only 58 Mohamme- 

 dans, and 120 of other creeds, chiefly Deists. Of 

 the second language besides English, 1,150 pro- 

 fessed Bengali, 213 Urdu, 72 Latin, 26 Hindi, 23 

 Sanscrit, 15 Persian, 9 Oorya, and 1 Arabic. 



According to the report of the tenth (1868) 

 annual meeting of the "English Christian Ver- 

 nacular Education Society for India," which 

 was established as a memorial of the Indian 

 Mutiny, to advance education in India through 

 the 14 principal languages of the country by 

 means of natives, it is stated that four train- 

 ing institutions for native schoolmasters were 

 now opened in the different presidencies, and 

 140 native students were now receiving Bible 

 and secular knowledge, preparatory to their 

 being appointed to conduct village schools in 

 various parts of India. Efforts were also being 

 made upon a large scale to utilize the available 

 Christian native teachers. The society has 

 also issued 250 different publications in the 14 

 languages for the use of schools, and about two 

 millions and a half of copies of those books 

 have been printed in the most important cities 

 of India. Fifty book depots have been opened 

 for the sale of those publications at low prices. 

 The income of the past year (1868) had been 

 8,260, and the expenditure 8,005. 



A new English society for the diffusion of 

 education in India is the " Indian Female Nor- 

 mal /School and Instruction Society," which in 

 1868 held its first general meeting. The Mar- 

 chioness of Cholmondeley is president, and 

 the Hon. Mrs. A. F. Kinnaird vice-president 

 of the society. The object of the institution 

 is to send forth a mission from the Christian 

 women of England to their heathen sisters 

 and fellow-subjects in India, to educate and 

 train them in the principles of the Christian 

 religion. There are in India 90,000,000 women, 

 of whom at least one-third are beyond the 

 reach of ordinary missionary effort, owing to 

 their seclusion. Normal schools have been 

 established in all the presidencies for training 

 European and native girls to be teachers. 

 European women have been sent out from 

 England to be missionaries in the zenanas, 

 assisted by the teachers trained in India, and 

 there are native Christian Bible women em- 

 ployed in the same good work. Previous to 

 the year 1855 there were no means of gaining 

 access to the zenanas of the upper or middle 

 classes in India, but since then by various 

 efforts, similar to those now being made by 

 this society, vast numbers of the daughters of 

 those classes have received a Christian educa- 

 tion. A report was read giving a most favor- 

 able detailed account of the operations of the 

 society in different parts of India. The re- 



