680 



EUSSIA. 



In June the Eussian Government addressed 

 a communication to several foreign Govern- 

 ments, proposing the prohibition by treaty of 

 the use of explosive projectiles in war, or the 

 limitation of such projectiles to submarine 

 torpedoes. On the 17th of July Prince Gort- 

 schakoff notified the Eussian representatives 

 abroad, by a circular, that, Eussia having as- 

 sented to the proposal of the Berlin Cabinet, 

 that commissioners and experts from the dif- 

 ferent Governments should meet at St. Peters- 

 burg to draw up a protocol excluding the use 

 of explosive missiles in future warfare, these 

 commissioners would be able to assemble on 

 the 13th of October. The meeting took place 

 at the appointed time, and agreed upon the 

 following treaty, which was signed by the 

 representatives of Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark, 

 England, Trance, Greece, Holland, Italy, Persia, 

 Portugal, Austria, Prussia, Eussia, Sweden, 

 Switzerland, Turkey, and Wurtemberg : 



Considering that the progress of civilization ought 

 to result in diminishing as much as possible the suf- 

 ferings inseparable from war ; that the only legiti- 

 mate object pursued in war is to weaken the force of 

 the enemy ; that to attain tins it suffices to place as 

 many men as possible Tiors de combat; that to make 

 use of expedients which shall unnecessarily enlarge 

 the wounds of the men placed Tiors de combat, or en- 

 tail inevitable death, is incompatible with the before- 

 mentioned object ; that to make use of such expedi- 

 ents would, moreover, be contrary to the teachings 

 of humanity : 



The undersigned, in virtue of the instructions 

 given them by their Governments, are authorized to 

 declare as follows : 



1. The contracting parties engage, in the event of 

 war between any of them, to abstain from the use of 

 missiles of any description possessing explosive 

 power,- or filled with explosive or inflammable mate- 

 rial, weighing less than 400 grammes. This restric- 

 tion to apply to the army and navy alike. 



2. They likewise invite all those states not repre- 

 sented at the deliberations of the military commis- 

 sion assembled at St. Petersburg, to subscribe to this 

 mutual engagement. 



3. In the event of war this engagement is to be ob- 

 served only toward the contracting parties, and those 

 that may subsequently subscribe to it. > It^need not 

 be observed toward any who have not signified their 

 assent to the above stipulations. 



4. The above engagement likewise ceases to be 

 valid, if a state that has not signed it takes part in a 

 war between parties that have signed it. 



5. "Whenever the progress of science results in any 

 new definite proposals being made for improving the 

 equipment of the troops, the contracting parties, as 

 well as .those who have subsequently joined this 

 engagement, will assemble to maintain the principles 

 laid down to reconcile the requirements of war with 

 the demands of humanity. 



It has already been stated in the ANNUAL 

 AMEEIOAN CYCLOPAEDIA, for 186V, that the Eus- 

 sian Government, to consolidate its new pos- 

 session in Central Asia, reorganized, in 186T, 

 the new province of Turkestan. The following 

 ie the text of the imperial ukase (dated July 23, 

 1867), concerning this subject: 



Deeming it expedient to modify the civil and mil- 

 itary organization of the territories bordering on 

 China and the Khanates of Central Asia which form 

 part of the Governments General of Orenburg and 

 western Siberia, we hereby ordain as follows : 



1. There shall immediately be organized a Gov- 

 ernment General of Turkestan, to be composed of the 

 province of Turkestan, of the District of Tashkent, 

 of the territories beyond the Syr-Daria occupied in 

 ISGG^and of ^ that portion of the province of Semi- 

 palatinsk which is situated to the south of the Tarba- 

 gatai chain of mountains. 



2. The Government General of Turkestan shall be 

 bounded : (A.) On the side of the Government Gen- 

 eral of Western Siberia by the Tarbagatai chain and 

 its branches as far as the actual frontier which sep- 

 arates the province of Semi-palatinsk from that of 

 the Khirghizes of Siberia ; by that frontier as far as 

 the Balkasch Lake, farther on by a bend at the cen- 

 tre of this lake ; and from its shores by a straight 

 line as 'far as the Tchou River, and finally by the 

 course of that river as far as its confluence with the 

 Syr-Daria. (B.) On the side of the Government Gen- 

 eral of Orenburg, by a line going from the centre of 

 the Perovsky Gulf on the Aral Sea to the Termem- 

 "bes Mountain, thence to the place called Terekli, 

 thereafter to the Kalmas Mountain, to the place 

 called Mozchille, to the Akhoun and Tchoubar Tubia 

 Mountains to the southern point of the Myine-koum 

 sands, and to the place called Syine Boulafc as far as 

 the confluence of the Sary-Sou and Tchou Rivers. 



3. The new Government General shall be divided 

 into two provinces, those of Syr-Daria and Shrniret- 

 chensk, whose line of separation will be formed ap- 

 proximately by the Kourpgoty River. 



4. The superior administration of the country 

 thus formed will be committed to a Governor-Gen- 

 eral, and that of the provinces of Syr-Daria and Se- 

 miretchense to Military Governors} as regards the 

 administration of the troops and military establish- 

 ments, these two provinces will form the Military 

 Circumscription of Turkestan, and the command of 

 the troops cantoned there will devolve on the Gov- 

 ernor-General with the title of Commandant of the 

 troops of the Circumscription, and on the Military 

 Governors with the title of Commandant of the 

 troops in those provinces. 



5. On the opening of the provinces of Syr-Daria 

 and Semiretchensk, the civil administrations which 

 are now there will continue as before, subject to the 

 respective Military Governors, pending the sanction 

 of a general scheme for the government of the whole 

 country. The Senate will make the necessary ar- 

 rangements for giving effect to this order. 



(Signed) ALEXANDER. 



General Kaufmann, who, on July 26, 1867, was 

 appointed Governor-General of Turkestan, ar- 

 rived in his province in November. At Tash- 

 kend he was received in triumph by the Eus- 

 sian settlers, and he was said to have made a 

 great impression upon the Asiatics. Accord- 

 ing to English reports, the general feeling in 

 all the Khanates of Independent Tartary re- 

 mained very hostile to Eussia. The Friend of 

 India gave the following description of the 

 situation at the beginning of the year 1868: 



The trade is reviving- but slowly under the pressure 

 of the Russian officials. Many of the Kpkandians 

 are taking refuge with Yakoob Kush Begi, and the 

 Khan of Kashgar. Those who have ^ remained have 

 given such demonstrations of hostility to the Rus- 

 sians, that General Kaufmann has been obliged to 

 call in the mediation of Khludoff, who has been in- 

 structed to assure the Khan of Kokand that no forti- 

 fication will protect him from the Russian troops in 

 the event of any hostile disturbance. The Ameer of 

 Bokhara would seem to be playing a double game, 

 the object of which is apparently to gain time. His 

 envoy has been evidently shuffling with the Rus- 

 sians, and it will be his last resource to enter into 

 any alliance with the invaders. The Ameer is too 

 bigoted a Mussulman, however, to observe any 



