EUSSIA. 



RUSSIA, THE CRIMINAL CODE OF. 681 



treaty that he may be compelled to make with in- 

 fidels, and is known to entertain exaggerated views 

 regarding the strength of the Porto and extravagant 

 hopes of assistance from that quarter. In Khiva the 

 hatred against the Russians was still more intense, 

 and the Khan was organizing alliances with the 

 Turcoman chiefs, and constructing forts. The Khwans 

 had also succeeded in levying tribute from the Rus- 

 sian Kirghizes. Sadyk, the Kirghiz chief, had been 

 harassing the Russian outposts at the front, and com- 

 mitting serious depredations. 



A new war with the Ameer of Bokhara began 

 in May, 1868. It appears that .in the early 

 days of May the Russian troops commenced a 

 march, from their frontier near Bokhara in the 

 direction of Western China, weakening their 

 garrisons considerably, but still leaving a suf- 

 ficient number of men stationed along the 

 great river route of their first advance to en- 

 able their commanders to keep well informed 

 as to any movements undertaken by the na- 

 tives in their absence. On the 20th of May, 

 the Ameer, apparently deceived into an impres- 

 sion of the weakness of the Russians by these 

 military movements, proclaimed a jehad, or holy 

 war. Assuming for himself the position of 

 principal ruler of Turkestan, he formed an 

 alliance with the Khan of Khokand, and with 

 the Ameer of Oorgunge. The united forces of 

 these chiefs gathered on the banks of the Zeraf- 

 shan and menaced the Russians at Djizak from 

 the neighborhood of Samarcand. This formid- 

 able coalition was at once met by the Russians, 

 by the march of enormous forces on Tashkend, 

 "while the garrison of that place was pushed 

 forward to the seat of war. The army of the 

 Khan was iii comparison a mere rabble, since 

 every male in the Khanate, above the age of 

 twelve, was called upon to serve in its ranks. 

 "While the force was gathering, the Ameer of 

 Oorgunge, or Khiva, remembered that Sirdar 

 Yakopb Ali Khan, Governor of Herat, and son 

 of Ameer Shere Ali, was under an obligation 

 to him, and dispatched an emissary to the Sir- 

 dar with a view of adding the forces of Af- 

 ghanistan to the crowds which were being 

 massed against the Russians. The missidn 

 failed in consequence of the envoy falling 

 into the hands of Shere Ali during the ab- 

 sence of his son on the Candahar expedi- 

 tion. Ameer Shere Ali detained the Khivan, 

 and declared his intention of sending him 

 on to the Russian camp. The Ameer en- 

 camped at a place called Kermineh, between 

 Samarcand and Bokhara. Here he was visited 

 by a deputation of Moollahs, all desirous of 

 preaching up the crescentade, or religious war, 

 against the Russians. The Ameer's nephew 

 next set out for Samarcand with a body of 

 Moollahs and Jehadis, and encamped at the 

 shrine of Ahmed Jan, a distance of five hun- 

 dred paces from the walls. Here they were at- 

 tacked by the Russians, and, many of their men 

 being killed, the remainder fled. The eldest son 

 of the Ameer commanded at Samarcand. The 

 Russian general-in-chief, immediately on hear- 

 ing of the Ameer's proceedings, marched on 



Samarcand, which ho annexed to the domin- 

 ions of the Czar, and Bokhara fell subsequently. 

 Marching on Bokhara, the Russians left no de- 

 tachments south of Samarcand, and withdrew 

 their troops from Charjoe. After the capture 

 of Samarcand, the Russians sustained several at- 

 tacks from numerous bodies of enemies, especial- 

 ly at Zelah Bulah, twelve versts from Katy Kur- 

 gane, where they were finally beaten and routed. 

 The Ameer's troops were commanded by Hadja 

 (a Turk), and Osman (a renegade and formerly 

 a Siberian Cossack). Meantime the troops of 

 Schlahr-Sialz, of Djura-By, advanced to Samar- 

 cand to the number of several thousands. The 

 inhabitants opened the gates and joined those 

 troops to besiege the citadel. General Kauf- 

 mann, of the Russian army, went to the as- 

 sistance of the besieged by forced marches, 

 and on the 20th of June, after a seige of eight 

 days, the citadel was liberated, and the enemy 

 driven from the town. Samarcand was then 

 declared fully and completely annexed to 

 Russia. 



In July, the Ameer of Bokhara accepted the 

 terms of peace offered to him by General 

 Kaufmann. They provided for the cession of 

 Samarcand, and authorized the Russians to 

 build cantonments at Karshi, Chasjui, and 

 Kermineh. The first lies on the chief route 

 from Samarcand to Afghanistan; the second 

 is a long-coveted site a little to the south of 

 the Oxus ; and the third a place of considerable 

 consequence on the direct road between Sam- 

 arcand and Bokhara. Cantonments and for- 

 tifications in those three places form a triangle 

 within which the Khanate of Bokhara will be 

 firmly locked. Among the other clauses of the 

 treaty were the following : 1. All Russian sub- 

 jects, whatever their religion, are entitled to 

 carry on trade in all parts of Bokhara, the 

 Ameer being obliged to protect their persons, 

 goods, and caravans within the frontiers of his 

 dominions. 2. Russian merchants will be en- 

 titled to station mercantile agents in all towns 

 of Bokhara. 3. The duty on Russian goods 

 imported is not to exceed 2-J- per cent, of 

 their value. 4. Russian merchants will be free 

 to cross Bokhara on their way to the neigh- 

 boring principalities. Similar terms had been 

 agreed upon with Khokand a short time ago. In 

 the last months of the year, the Russian General 

 Abramof, who commanded at Samarcand, aided 

 the Ameer of Bokhara to put down the rebel- 

 lion of his son and other chiefs who wished to 

 overthrow the Ameer for having concluded a 

 treaty with the Russians. 



RUSSIA, THE CEIMINAL CODE OF. As the 

 Emperor Alexander II., of Russia, by his ukase 

 of November 20, 1864, introduced a number 

 of important reforms in the administration of 

 civil justice, so he decreed by his ukase of 

 March 19, 1867, that a commission of jurists, 

 to be appointed by the Minister of Justice, 

 should prepare a report in regard to the modi- 

 fications that should be adopted in the crimi- 

 nal code in order to remedy its defects and 



