KUSSIA, THE CRIMINAL CODE OF. 



will be inflicted upon him who maliciously cir- 

 culates writings of this description, or aids and 

 abets the perpetrators of these crimes. 360 

 says : " He who is cognizant of the existence 

 of a society not permitted, and does not in- 

 form the authorities of it, will be imprisoned 

 for from three to seven days ; nor shall he be 

 permitted to plead that the character and ob- 

 jects of the society were not fully known to 

 him." 354: " He who leaves the fatherland, 

 and, without the permission of the Govern- 

 ment, enters the service of a foreign power, or 

 becomes the subject of a foreign Government, 

 will be divested of all the rights and privileges 

 of his rank for this violation of his duties as a 

 subject, and of his oath, exiled from the em- 

 pire for evermore, and, in case of his unauthor- 

 ized return, transported to Siberia and colo- 

 nized for life." 355 : "He who leaves the 

 fatherland, and does not return at the order 

 of the Government, will lose, in punishment 

 of this disobedience, all the rights and privi- 

 leges of his rank and be exiled from the em- 

 pire for evermore, unless he proves, within the 

 time fixed by the court, that his absence was 

 caused by circumstances over which he had 

 no control. Until then he will be treated as 

 having left Russia forever, and his property 

 will be placed in the hands of the public ad- 

 ministrator. Transportation to the districts 

 of Tomsk and Tobolsk and colonization for 

 life awaits, furthermore, all Russians who, 

 without special permission from the Govern- 

 ment, remain abroad longer than they have 

 been authorized to do, or who invite Russians 

 to emigration." 



It should be borne in mind, however, that 

 some of these rigorous paragraphs of the Rus- 

 sian code are, in praxi, not carried into execu- 

 tion to the full extent of the law, especially in 

 the western provinces, where considerable 

 latitude is allowed to the judges of the crim- 

 inal courts. This latitude seems to be indirect- 

 ly recognized by certain paragraphs, relating 

 to the mode of criminal procedure, in the 

 revised penal code. 



As regards the loss of " all the rights and 

 privileges of his rank," which the criminal 

 code of Russia mentions so often, it is a phrase 

 embracing all personal and real rights. There 

 are three degrees of the loss^of these rights: 

 Loss of all rights and privileges, loss of all 

 special privileges, and loss of some special priv- 

 ileges. Noblemen, deprived of all the rights 

 and privileges of their rank, lose their heredi- 

 tary and personal nobility, and all prerogatives 

 connected therewith ; clergymen, in the same 

 case, are expelled from the clergy; persons 

 possessed of hereditary or personal honorary 

 citizenship, and merchants of the first two 

 guilds, lose their good name and prerogatives. 

 Besides, the loss of all rights and privileges 

 involves the loss of all titles, orders, and marks 

 of distinction, and the confiscation of all di- 

 plomas, grants, patents, and certificates. On 

 the other hand, he "who is deprived of all the 



RUSSIA, THE PRESS OF, IN 1868. 085 

 special privileges of his rank, loses only his 



state or of any corporation; 2. Ho cannot 

 enter any guild nor obtain the license required 

 for carrying on mercantile affairs ; 3. He cannot 

 be a witness to any contract or other legal 

 document, nor give evidence, whether under 

 oath or not, in civil lawsuits, unless the court 

 should deem his testimony indispensable; 4. 

 He cannot be chosen arbiter; 5. He cannot 

 officiate as guardian or curator ; 6. He cannot 

 hold any powers of attorney. Persons sen- 

 tenced to lose some special privileges of their 

 rank, when noblemen, cannot enter the service 

 of the state nor that of any corporation, par- 

 ticipate in the elections, hold electoral offices, 

 and officiate as guardians; when clergymen, 

 they are deprived of the faculty of filling cler- 

 ical positions ; when merchants and honorary 

 citizens, they cannot participate in the muncipal 

 elections, nor be elected to any positions of 

 honor or trust. 



RUSSIA, THE PEESS OF, IN 1868. The sta- 

 tistics, regarding the periodical press of Russia, 

 are so meagre and incomplete that it is very 

 difficult to decide whether the statement in 

 Texier's work on " European Journalism," that, 

 in the year 1864, there was in Russia only one 

 newspaper to every four hundred and twenty- 

 five thousand inhabitants, is reliable or not. 

 Since that time the number of daily and weekly 

 papers, published in Russia, has decreased 

 rather than increased. Thus, for instance, in 

 St. Petersburg there were published in the 

 year 1863 eleven daily papers with an aggre- 

 gate circulation of sixty thousand copies. On 

 the 1st of January, 1868, there were only 

 seven of these papers still in existence, and 

 their aggregate circulation barely exceeded 

 forty thousand copies. Warsaw had in 1860 

 eight daily newspapers, with an aggregate cir- 

 culation estimated at fifty thousand copies. 

 Five years afterward it had but three daily 

 papers, whose aggregate circulation fell short 

 of fifteen thousand copies. Kieff, one of the 

 largest inland cities of the Russian empire, 

 had in 1862 two daily papers, both of which 

 were suppressed by order of the Government; 

 in 1867 only one small official weekly journal 

 was issued in this place, which has nearly one 

 hundred thousand inhabitants. Vilna, the 

 capital of Lithuania, had in 1862 four daily 

 newspapers ; it has now only one, the official 

 Russian Gazette, with a circulation of less 

 than one thousand copies. Moscow has several 

 daily papers ; two of them have a very con- 

 siderable circulation. One of the latter, the 

 Hoslcwa, edited by M. Katkoff, is the most in- 

 fluential paper in Russia, and its circulation, in 

 1867, was believed to be upward of forty thou- 

 sand copies. Being the ablest and most out- 

 spoken organ of the National (Old Russian) 

 party, it was not long in achieving a success 

 unparalleled in the history of Russian journal- 



