SWAIN, DAVID L. 



SWITZERLAND. 



717 



coal filters of the refinery ; 2. Because refined 

 sugar does not contain any nitrogenous sub- 

 stance (such as albumen), upon which they 

 could feed, and even the most insignificant ani- 

 mals cannot subsist solely upon sugar, or upon 

 any other kind of food destitute of nitrogen. 

 The only impurity found, and that rarely, in 

 refined sugar, is a trace of iron ; its origin is 

 easily explained : At the refinery, the sugar, 

 after its solution in water has been effected, is 

 sometimes put into iron cisterns, where it re- 

 mains until filters are ready for its reception. 

 If, through negligence, the solution is allowed 

 to remain too long in contact with the iron, it 

 is certain to dissolve a minute portion of the 

 metal, from which its subsequent treatment 

 fails to entirely separate it. When iron in so- 

 lution is brought into contact with the body 

 termed tannic acid, the two combine and form 

 a black substance, which is the basis of most 

 kinds of black ink. Tannic acid is a natural 

 ingredient of tea ; if, therefore, sugar contain- 

 ing iron be dissolved in an infusion of tea, the 

 fluid will instantly acquire an inky hue. The 

 presence of a small quantity of iron in sugar 

 does not in the slightest degree injure its nutri- 

 tive or healthful qualities ; still, as tea resem- 

 bling ink in appearance, however agreeable to 

 the palate, would be displeasing to the eye, 

 sugar which would thus affect its color is un- 

 fitted for domestic use." 



SWAIN, DAVID LOWEY, LL. D., a statesman, 

 jurist, and educator, of North Carolina, born 

 near Asheville, Buncombe County, N. 0., Jan- 

 uary 4, 1801 ; died of injuries received by being 

 thrown from his carriage, at Chapel Hill, N. 0., 

 September 3, 1868. He was educated at the 

 University of North Carolina, studied law, and 

 was admitted to the bar of North Carolina in 

 1823. In 1824 he was elected to the House of 

 Commons of the State Legislature from Bun- 

 combe County, and in 1831 was appointed one 

 of the judges of the Supreme Court of that 

 State. In 1832 he was chosen Governor of the 

 State, being the youngest man who ever filled 

 that office in North Carolina. On the expira- 

 tion of his term of office in 1835 he was elect- 

 ed president of the University of North Caro- 

 lina, as successor to Dr. Caldwell, and held 

 that position till his death. In 1841 he re- 

 ceived the honorary degree of LL. D. from the 

 College of New Jersey, and in 1842 the same 

 degree from Yale College. 



SWEDEN and NORWAY, two kingdoms 

 in Northern Europe, united under one king. 

 Present King, Charles XV., born May 3, 1826 ; 

 succeeded his father on July 8, 1829. Area of 

 Sweden and Norway, 292,929 square miles. 

 Population of Sweden, according to the census 

 of 1866, 4,160,677; in 1867, 4,195,681. The 

 capital, Stockholm, had, in 1866, 138,189 in- 

 habitants ; in 1867, 140,251. (According to 

 former censuses, the population was, in 1748, 

 1,736,482; in 1810, 2,377,851; in 1855, 3,641,- 

 011 ; in 1860, 3,859,728.) The population of 

 Norway was, according to the decennial census 



of 1865, 1,701,478. The capital, Christiania, had 

 65,513 inhabitants. (According to former cen- 

 suses the population was, in 1855, 1,490,047; in 

 1845, 1,328,471 ; in 1835, 1,194,827 ; in 1825, 1,- 

 051,318; in 1815, 885,467.) The Swedish island 

 of St. Bartholomew, in the West Indies, had, in 

 1866, 2,898 inhabitants. In the Swedish budget 

 for 1868, the revenue was 36,461,270 rix-dol- 

 lars, the ordinary expenditures 34,054,500 ; and 

 the extraordinary expenditures 7,438,621 ; de- 

 ficit, 5,031,651. Public debt, in 1865, 74,068,- 

 000 rix-dollars. The Swedish army consisted, 

 in 1866, of 124,807 men. The fleet, in August, 



1868, consisted of 17 armed steamers, carrying 

 132 guns, and of 31 sailing-vessels. The im- 

 ports, in 1865, were valued at 105,863,000, and 

 the exports at 108,086,000 rix-dollars. Num- 

 ber of vessels entering the Swedish ports, in 

 1865, 4,946 ; together, of 164, 637 lasts; number 

 of clearances, 9,458, together, of 438,792 lasts. 

 The merchant navy consisted, in 1863, of 3,236 

 vessels, together, of 86,404 lasts. In the Nor- 

 wegian budget, for the period from 1866 to 



1869, the annual revenue and expenditures are 

 each fixed at 5,023,000 specie dollars. The 

 public debt, in 1865, amounted to 8,240,700 

 dollars. The army, on the peace footing, 

 numbers 12,000, and on the war footing 18,000. 

 The landwehr is to be exclusively used for the 

 defence of the country. The imports, in 1866, 

 were valued at 26,000,000, and the exports at 

 17,000,000 thalers. The number of vessels 

 entering Norwegian ports, in 1866, was 12,215, 

 together, of 693,626 lasts ; the number of clear- 

 ances, 12,223, together, of 698,736 lasts. The 

 merchant navy, in 1866, numbered 5,750 ves- 

 sels, together, of 400,000 lasts. Sweden, having 

 enjoyed for more than a half century continuous 

 peace, has made immense progress in develop- 

 ing her internal resources. The people, little 

 numerous in comparison with the extent of the 

 country, are augmenting rapidly. The popula- 

 tion has nearly been doubled from 1815 to 1865, 

 and, from the progression made during the last 

 quinquennial periods, the prediction may safely 

 be hazarded that it will again be doubled in 

 fifty years. The construction of the first rail- 

 way was commenced in 1854, and at the end 

 of J866 the state possessed a network of 134 

 Swedish miles, besides about 28 more belong- 

 ing to private companies, making a total of 

 162 (1,732 kilometres), or nearly 1,100 English 

 miles. These works have cost the state 102 

 millions of rix-dollars (146,880,000f.) ; how- 

 ever, the loans contracted only amount to 80 

 millions of rix-dollars. The last Diet had de- 

 cided upon another of 6,000,000 (8,640,000f.) 

 in the country itself. Notwithstanding the 

 existing pressure, the operation was effected 

 without the slightest difficulty. Both Cham- 

 bers of the Swedish Parliament, in 1868, de- 

 clared, by a large majority, against the aboli- 

 tion of capital punishment. 



SWITZERLAND, a federal republic in Eu- 

 rope. Area, 15,722 square miles ; population, 

 in 1860, 2,510,494.. President of the Federal 



