734 



THUKSTOtf, ASA. 



TURKEY. 



ing dryness it will take fire at a very moderate 

 temperature. Messrs. Hopkins and Williams 

 could not succeed in obtaining a permanent 

 sulphide by this process. 



Professor J. W. Gunning, M. D., communi- 

 cates to the London Chemical News his method 

 of extracting thallium from flue-dust gathered 

 from the works at Amsterdam, where pyrites 

 are used for making sulphur. He found the 

 flue-dust to yield about one per cent, of chloride 

 of thallium, the bulk being made up of arseni- 

 ous and arsenic acid, and some iron and lead, 

 but hardly any sulphuric acid. He says : 



It is usual, in order to obtain thallium from this 

 dust, to boil it (the dust^ with dilute sulphuric acid, 

 to strain, and to precipitate the thallium by means 

 of hydrochloric acid ; the chloride of thallium so ob- 

 tained is washed and afterward dissolved in strong 

 sulphuric acid, yielding the well-crystallizing sul- 

 phate of thallium. Another plan is, to digest the 

 flue-dust with a solution of carbonate of soda, and to 

 precipitate the thallium by means of hydro-sulphuret 

 of ammonium. It has struck me, while engaged with 

 this matter, that neither of these methods answers 

 the purpose well; the sulphate and carbonate of 

 thallium are not very readily soluble, and, unless, 

 therefore, one is prepared to lose a portion of thal- 

 lium, there is no end of boiling the flue-dust with 

 solvents. One must, moreover, bear in mind that 

 the flue-dust contains a portion of the thallium as 

 peroxide, insoluble in soda, and indifferently soluble 

 only in dilute sulphuric acid. The presence of Tl 2 0a 

 in flue-dust is proved in this way ; after long treat- 

 ment with soda solution, there is a brownish muddy 

 mass left, which, when acted upon by sulphurous 

 acid dissolved in water, becomes partly discolored 

 and yields a large proportion of sulphate of thallium. 



I have applied phosphoric acid to extract thallium 

 from the flue-dust, and I find it answer admirably 

 well. The phosphates of thallium, and especially so 

 the acid phosphate, are among the most soluble of 

 the salts of thallium. Since phosphoric acid itself is 

 rather too expensive to be thus applied, I have sub- 

 stituted therefor a mixture of oone-ash and sul- 

 phuric acid, which answered the purpose splendidly : 

 it only required to digest and heat the mixture or 

 flue-dust and bone-ash with sulphuric acid, and some 

 water, a sufficiently long time, to render a twice-re- 

 peated digestion quite efficient to remove from the 

 flue-dust I had obtained all the thallium it con- 

 tained, amounting to about one per cent, of the whole 

 mass ; of course the filtrate was treated with hydro- 

 chloric acid. The fluid, from which the chloride of 

 thallium had been separated by filtration, contained, 

 however, yet a considerable amount of thallium dis- 

 solved, partly so in consequence of the non-thorough 

 insolubility of chloride of thallium, partly also as 

 thallic salts not precipitable by hydrochloric acid; 

 in order to obtain this portion, sulphite of soda is 

 added to the acid liquid, whereby the thallic salts 

 are reduced to thallous salts, next the acid is pretty 

 nearly neutralized with carbonate of soda, and the 

 thallium compounds afterward precipitated by iodide 

 of potassium as insoluble yellow iodide of thallium. 



THURSTOtf, Bev. ASA, a Congregational 

 clergyman and missionary to the Sandwich 

 Islands for nearly fifty years, born in Fitch- 

 burg, Mass., October 12, 1787 ; died at Hono- 

 lulu, March 11, 1868. He graduated from 

 Yale College in 1816, having learned and la- 

 bored at the business of scythe-making till he 

 was twenty-two years of age. He graduated 

 from Andover Theological Seminary in 1819. 

 Both in the college and seminary he was the 



most athletic man of his class. Before com- 

 pleting his course at the seminary, he offered 

 himself as a missionary to the American Board 

 of Foreign Missions, and was ordained in Au- 

 gust, 1819, as a missionary to the Sandwich 

 Island Mission. He sailed with Mrs. Thurston, 

 October 23, 1819, on the brig Thaddeus. The 

 vessel reached the islands March 30, 1820, and 

 Mr. and Mrs. Thurston were assigned to the 

 station at Kailua, Hawaii, the old residence 

 of the kings of the islands. There they resided 

 for more than forty years, until disabled by 

 paralysis, when they removed to Honolulu. 

 Here he spent the few closing years of an 

 eventful life, respected and esteemed, honored 

 and beloved. 



TOD, DAVID, an Ohio statesman, diploma- 

 tist, and former Governor of Ohio, born at 

 Youngstown, Mahoning County, February 21, 

 1805; died at Youngstown, November 13, 1868. 

 He was the son of George Tod, for many years 

 Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. He re- 

 ceived a careful and thorough early training 

 from his father, and in 1827 was admitted to 

 the Ohio bar. For fifteen years he practised 

 his profession at Warren. In 1838 he defeated 

 his Whig competitor for the State Senate. In 

 1840 he took the stump for Van Buren, with 

 whom he had previously become personally ac- 

 quainted. In 1844 he received the nomination 

 for Governor, and was beaten by only one 

 thousand votes. In 1847, President Polk, un- 

 solicited, offered him the appointment of min- 

 ister to Brazil, which he accepted. He repre- 

 sented the United States at that court until 

 1852. On Ms return he took part in the cam- 

 paign which resulted in the election of Mr. 

 Pierce. Inl 860 he was .chosen a delegate to the 

 Charleston Convention, and elected first vice- 

 president of that body. When the Southern 

 wing of the Democratic party withdrew at Bal- 

 timore, Mr. Tod became presiding officer. He 

 warmly advocated the " peace measures," be- 

 fore and after the meeting of the Congress at 

 Washington, which is known in history as the 

 "Peace Congress." In the Eepublican State 

 nominating convention of 1862 the choice fell 

 on Mr. Tod as the nominee for Governor of 

 Ohio. He was elected by over 55,000 majority, 

 and gave a firm, unflinching support to the war. 



TUKKEY. An empire in Eastern Europe, 

 Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Present 

 ruler, Sultan Abdul- Aziz-Khan, born February 

 9, 1830 ; succeeded his brother, June 25, 1857. 

 Heir-apparent, Abdul-Medjid-Khan, nephew 

 of the Sultan. The area and population of the 

 empire are estimated as follows : 



The highest officer of administration, or 

 Grand- Vizier, in 1868, was Midhat Pacha; the 



