78 



BREMEN. 



1867, were double those of 1866. This is but the 

 beginning. It already becomes apparent that 

 it is cheaper for all Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, 

 and Colombia east of the Andes, to receive 

 their goods from and to export their India rub- 

 ber, cinchona, etc., to the United States and 

 Europe via the great water high way which dis- 

 charges into the Atlantic, than by the long 

 circuitous route of Cape Horn, or the trans- 

 Isthmian route of Panama. The Purus and 

 Madeira are hereafter to be navigated by 

 steamers. The valley of the Amazon in Brazil 

 is as large as the area of the United States east 

 of Colorado, while the whole valley of the 

 Amazon in and out of Brazil is equal to all the 

 United States east of California, Oregon, and 

 Washington Territory, and yet the population 

 is not equal to the single city of Bio de Janeiro, 

 or the combined inhabitants of Boston and 

 Chicago. It is estimated that a larger popula- 

 tion can be sustained in the valley of the Ama- 

 zon than elsewhere on the globe. The total 

 value of exports in 1866 amounted to 799,983 

 sterling. The imports at Para for the same 

 year were 510,429 sterling. Ten large Brazil 

 steamers are plying on the Amazon proper, while 

 smaller steamboats ascend to Peru and Ecuador. 

 In 1865 the Brazil packets transported, between 

 Para and Manaos, goods to the value of 800,000 

 sterling, according to their returns made to the 

 Brazilian Government. In fifteen years, count- 

 ing from 1850, the commerce tripled even 

 under the restrictive rule which characterized 

 it. The city of Para has a population of 

 36,000. Its imports and exports in 1868 were 

 over 1,500,000 sterling. The opening of the 

 Amazon has given a new impulse to the ex- 

 ploration of its affluents. The little steamer, 

 in which Dr. Conto de Magalhaens set off to 

 attempt the ascent of the Tocantins rapids, had 

 successfully reached the Araguaya, thus prov- 

 ing the practicability of running a steamboat line 

 from the Amazon to within 200 miles of the 

 navigable waters of the Paraguay. A decree 

 was issued, extending to the end of 1869 the 

 permission conceded to foreign vessels to 

 engage in transport between Brazilian ports 

 possessing custom-houses. 



The ratifications of the powers accorded in 

 the international telegraph concession made 

 to Ballestrini having been exchanged, Brazil 

 should, by the terms of the concession, be 

 placed in telegraphic communication with 

 Europe and the United States within three 

 years, by laying a cable from Para to one of 

 the French Antilles, to which the European 

 cable will be laid, and from which the commu- 

 nication with the United States will pass by 

 Hayti and St. Thomas. The parties to the con- 

 vention are Brazil, Denmark, France, Hayti, 

 Italy, and Portugal. 



BREMEN,* a republic belonging to the 

 North-German Confederation. Burgomasters, 



For farther Information, see the article GERMANY in 

 this volume, and article BREMEN in the AMERICAN AN- 

 KTJAI. CYCLOPAEDIA for 1868. 



BROUGHTON, JOHN C. H. 



Johann David Meyer (1867-'7l), President 

 of the Senate for the year 1870 ; Arnold Duck- 

 witz (1865-'69), President of the Senate for the 

 year 1869. Area, 74 square miles ; population 

 of the republic in 1867, 109,572 ; of the city of 

 Bremen, 74,945. In the budget for 1869, the 

 revenue is estimated at 2,220,114 thalers; the 

 expenditure at 2,162,406 thalers ; surplus, 57,- 

 708 thalers. The imports, in 1868, were valued 

 at 52,680,000 thalers (gold) ; the exports at 

 69,490,000 thalers. The merchant navy, at the 

 close of the year 1868, consisted of 307 vessels, 

 together of 122,356 lasts (one last 4,000 Ibs.). 

 The statistics of emigration from the port of 

 Bremen, in 1867 and 1868, were as follows : 



BROUGHTON", Sir JOHN CAM HOBHOTJSE, 

 first Baron, G. C. B., F. R. S., an English lib- 

 eral statesman and cabinet officer, born near 

 Bristol, Eng., June 27, 1786 ; died in London, 

 June 3, 1869. He was the eldest son of Sir 

 Benjamin Hobhouse, a wealthy manufacturer 

 of Bristol, and was educated at "Westminster, 

 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his 

 degree at Cambridge in 1808. While at the 

 university, he contracted an intimacy with 

 Lord Byron, and in 1809 accompanied the poet 

 in his travels in Turkey and Greece, and other 

 parts of Southern Europe, and subsequently in 

 Switzerland and Italy ; and, after his return to 

 England, he published an account of these 

 travels in a book which he called " A Journey 

 through Albania and other Provinces of Tur- 

 key, with Lord Byron," London, 1812, which 

 was highly commended. He also appended 

 some notes, over his own signature, to Byron's 

 " Childe Harold," the fourth canto of which 

 the poet dedicated to him. This, however, 

 was not his first work, for in 1809 appeared, 

 with his name, a collection of compositions, 

 under the title of " Imitations and Translations 

 from the Classics, with Original Poems." Four 

 years after the publication of his " Journey," he 

 appeared again before the public with an elabo- 

 rate work, entitled " The Last Reign of Napo- 

 leon." This was in two volumes, and gave a 

 complete and entertaining description of the 

 eventful "hundred days," of which he was an 

 intensely interested eye-witness. He also pub- 

 lished " Historical Illustrations of the Fourth 

 Canto of Childe Harold," and was a frequent 

 contributor to Blaclcwood, Froze^s, the West- 

 minster Review, and other periodicals. He 

 first became conspicuous in political life in 

 1819,^ by the publication of his "Letters to an 

 Englishman," which were tinged with strong 

 radical opinions, and contained such a severe 

 attack on the House of Commons, that he was 



