BRUNSWICK. 



CALIFORNIA. 



imprisoned in Newgate on a charge of having 

 committed a breach of privilege. These letters 

 and his imprisonment brought him prominently 

 before the public, and, upon his release, he was 

 taken up by the electors of Westminster, who, 

 feeling that he had been unfairly treated, in 

 spite of the strenuous and animated opposition 

 of the Whigs, returned him to Parliament after 

 a memorable contest. In Parliament he 

 showed himself an able speaker and an ener- 

 getic reformer, but his radical opinions became 

 BO far modified that in 1831 he entered the 

 Cabinet of Earl Grey as Secretary of War. In 

 1833 he was made Secretary of State for Ire- 

 land, but was defeated in his canvass for a re- 

 election before the Westminster electors. The 

 next year he was returned from Nottingham, 

 which he represented till 1847 ; and he sat for 

 Harwich for a few years previous to his eleva- 



tion to the peerage as Lord Broughton, Baron 

 Broughton of Gyford, in 1851. In the Cabinet 

 of Lord Melbourne he was president- of the 

 Board of Control, and Chief Commissioner of 

 Woods and Forests ; and in the Russell Admin- 

 istration in 1846-'52 he again held the former 

 position. In 1853 he was for a short time a 

 member of the Coalition Cabinet, but with that 

 exception had taken no active part in public 

 affairs after his elevation to the peerage. He 

 received at that time the grand cross of the 

 Order of the Bath, and was soon after named 

 one of her majesty's Privy Council. Lord 

 Broughton retained his intellectual faculties in 

 great perfection till the close of life. 



BRUNSWICK, a duchy belonging to the 

 North-German Confederation. Duke, Wilhelm 

 I., born April 25, 1806 ; succeeded his brother, 

 Duke Karl, in 1830. (See GEBMANY.) 



C 



CALIFORNIA, one of the Pacific States of 

 the American Union, bounded by Oregon on 

 the north, by Nevada and Arizona on the east, 

 Lower California on the south, and the Pacific 

 Ocean on the west. Area, 188,981 square miles. 

 Its population in 1866 was 470,597, and in 1869 

 was estimated at somewhat more than 600,000. 

 (For the various nationalities of which this 

 population is composed, see ANNUAL CYCLO- 

 PEDIA for 1868.) The State is said to contain 

 120,947,841 acres of land, of which it is esti- 

 mated that 89,000,000 can be devoted to 

 profitable husbandry. The election which oc- 

 curred on the 20th of October, 1869, was for 

 eighty members of Assembly ; one-half (twenty) 

 members of the State Senate, eight or ten of 

 the fourteen District Judges, and two Associate 

 Judges of the Supreme Court. The term of 

 office of the other State officers does not expire 

 till 1871. The two parties held their conven- 

 tions in June, and, among other topics, both 

 considered the subject of Chinese immigration. 



The Republican Convention nominated Lo- 

 renzo Sawyer and O. C. Pratt for Judges of the 

 Supreme Court, and passed resolutions pledg- 

 ing support to the Republican party and in- 

 dorsing the Administration ; asserting that the 

 negro question has ceased to be an element of 

 American politics, and declaring that the rati- 

 fication of the Fifteenth Amendment should 

 be followed by an act of universal amnesty and 

 enfranchisement to the Southern people; re- 

 garding with satisfaction the immigration to 

 the State from the Atlantic States and Europe, 

 but, while giving preference to the people of our 

 own race, holds inoffensive immigrants from 

 China entitled to full protection, but opposing 

 suffrage to the Chinese in any form, and any 

 change in the naturalization laws of the United 

 States ; recognizing the power of the General 

 Government to restrict or prevent Chinese im- 

 migration by terminating our commercial re- 



lations with China, but believing that the 

 closing of our ports at present against the 

 Chinese would be injurious to the national in- 

 terests and cast reproach upon the intelligence 

 of the American people, as being contrary to 

 the spirit of the age ; approving of the eight- 

 hour law ; indorsing the action of Congress 

 respecting the Alabama treaty, and considering 

 it the duty of the General Government to de- 

 mand full reparation for the injury inflicted by 

 the British Government and people upon our 

 commerce during the rebellion; favoring the 

 equalization of taxation of all kinds of property 

 in the States; and approving the grants of 

 State aid to railroads. 



The Democratic Convention nominated Jo- 

 seph B. Crockett and William T. Wallace for 

 Justices of the Supreme Court, and passed 

 resolutions declaring their confidence in the 

 intelligence, patriotism, and ability of the 

 white people of the country to administer and 

 control their government without the aid of 

 either negroes or Chinese; expressing their 

 alarm at the attempts of the unscrupulous 

 majority in Congress to absorb the powers of 

 the Executive and Judicial departments of the 

 Federal Government, and to annihilate the 

 rights of the State governments ; declared the 

 subjection of the whites of the South to a mass 

 of ignorant negroes and their disfranchisement, 

 etc., an unparalleled outrage and wrong; op- 

 posed the policy of lending the credit of the State 

 to railway and other corporations ; advocated 

 the eight-hour law and the rights of the work- 

 ing-men ; opposed the adoption of the Fifteenth 

 Constitutional Amendment, for a variety of 

 reasons, among which were the influence it 

 would exert in favor of Chinese immigration, 

 the probability of their being allowed to vote 

 and hold office, and the consequent creation 

 of an aristocratic class, created and maintained 

 by Chinese votes ; opposing the admission of 



