CHILI. 



97 



These facts, said Mr. Calvert, tend to show 

 that most of the phosphates contained in 

 wheat are not combined with the organic 

 matter, but are in a free condition ; also that 

 the greatest part of the phosphates are soluble, 

 and combined with potash and magnesia, while 

 the insoluble phosphates are represented by 

 lime, iron, with a small proportion of mag- 

 nesia, the latter probably being a neutral phos- 

 phate. He also claims that these analyses 

 clearly illustrate that, although habit and pride 

 have gradually led us to prefer white bread to 

 brown, or more so bread made with nearly the 

 whole of the constituents of wheat-grain, still 

 this practice is an error when we consider the 

 nutritious properties of wheat, especially as a 

 food for children, when phosphates are so essen- 

 tail to the formation of bone and blood ; and 

 medical men would confer a great boon on 

 society if they were to impress the importance 

 of feeding children with a wheaten preparation 

 in which all the constituents of the grain were 

 preserved. These views are further supported 

 by some very interesting researches published 

 in the Comptes Eendus by M. M6ge Morries, in 

 which he proved that there was in the inner 

 cortical parts of the wheat a special ferment, 

 which converted most rapidly starch into su- 

 gar, and thereby facilitated the conversion of 

 wheaten flour into bread. These observations 

 of M. Morries led him to devise a peculiar mode 

 of grinding wheat, and making bread from the 

 flour thus obtained, and the results were such 

 that, from every hundredweight of wheat, he 

 was enabled to obtain of bread 



Wheat, 100. 



Ordinary process 70 flour, 92 bread. 

 M. Morries 83 " 110 " 



This method was so satisfactorily carried out, 

 that the Emperor of the French adopted it at 

 the military bakery of Paris, in which bread is 

 baked every day for 100,000 men. 



CHILI, a republic in South America. Presi- 

 dent, for the term from 1866 to 1871, Jose" 

 Joaquin Perez. The ministry, in 1869, was 

 composed as follows: Interior and Foreign 

 Affairs, M. L. Amunategui (appointed Novem- 

 ber 13, 1868) ; Justice, Worship, and Instruc- 

 tion, J. Blest Gana (1866) ; Finances, M. Con- 

 cha y Toro (January 7, 1869) ; War and Navy> 

 F. Echaurren (November 13, 1868); president 

 of the Supreme Court, M. Montt. Minister of 

 the United States in Chili, Judson Kilpatrick 

 (since November 11, 1865). 



The home debt in May, 1868, amounted to 

 9,515,708 piasters; and * the foreign debt to 

 25,058,926 piasters; total debt, 34,574,634 

 piasters. The army is composed of troops of 

 the line (3,709 in 1869), and of the national 

 guards, the number of whom, according to an 

 official document, amounted, at the close of 



1868, to 50,618 men. The fleet consisted, in 



1869, of ten screw-steamers. 



The area of Chili, according to the census of 

 1866, is 132,624 square miles; the population 

 (inclusive of Araucania, Patagonia, and Terra 

 VOL. ix. 7. A 



del Fuego) is 2,084,945 ; the foreigners resident 

 in the country numbered 23,220 (among whom 

 were 3,876 Germans, 3,092 Englishmen, 2,483 

 Frenchmen). 



The commerce of Chili during the years 

 1866 and 1867 was as follows: 



Imports. Exports. 



1866 $18,760,000 $26,680,000 



1867 24,860,000 30, 690,000 



The number of vessels entering the Chilian 

 ports in 1867 was 3,535, making, together, 

 1,724,000 tons. The merchant navy in 1865 

 numbered 257 vessels, together of 67,090 tons. 



The state of the public, treasury was not 

 at all satisfactory when the present Minister 

 of Finance, Concha y Toro, was appointed. 

 He is a young and inexperienced man, has 

 to combat with all the difficulties bequeathed 

 to him by his predecessor, and has also to 

 struggle with the embarrassments arising from 

 the actual situation. The public debt of thirty- 

 four and a half millions of hard dollars, to- 

 gether with the deficit in the budget recently 

 presented of a million more, rendered the posi- 

 tion of a Minister of the Exchequer more of a 

 trouble than an honor. Still great confidence 

 is reposed in Sefior Concha, who assumes his 

 office with the reputation of being a highly 

 honorable and able man. 



The estimates of 1869, passed by both Houses 

 of Congress, amount to $12,296,876.44, in the 

 following form: Home and Foreign Depart- 

 ment, $2,576,799.76; Justice, Eeligion, and 

 Public Instruction, $1,337,005.03; Finance, 

 $5,896,257.99; War and Navy, $2,486,813.66; 

 total, $12,296,876.44. 



The liberal press of Chili made great exer- 

 tions to secure the right of suffrage to all who 

 could read and write, but the majority in Con- 

 gress decided that only those who possessed a 

 certain amount of property, or who were in 

 the exercise of some profession, should be al- 

 lowed the privilege of voting. This conserva- 

 tive tendency appears to be mainly due to the 

 influence of the clergy, who are almost unani- 

 mous in the support of the Conservative party.. 

 The long-pending question of the impeachment 

 of the Supreme Court, for various. alleged high 

 crimes and misdemeanors, has been finally 

 settled, the accusations having been declared 

 unfounded. The people, in general, heartily 

 indorsed this decision. 



The desire of extensive reforms in the in- 

 ternal condition of the country gave rise to 

 numerous meetings, attended by the prominent 

 members, of the Progressive party, and to the 

 adoption of the following programme : 



Individual liberty shall be securely guaranteed, and 

 the right to exercise the privileges attendant on it 

 firmly established. 



Local government shall be invested with that com- 

 plete independence necessary for the thorough execu- 

 tion of its prerogatives. 



The different branches of government shall "be in- 

 dependent of each other ; those invested with power 

 shall be responsible for their actions^ and measure* 

 in relation to this independence shall be adopted. 



