GREAT BRITAIN. 



319 



including enrolled pensioners, the number of 

 whom is not given. The allowance for army 

 expenses, 14,230,400 = $71,152,000, for the 

 year 1869-'70, was divided, as usual, into four 

 classes: the expense of the regular forces, 

 7,885, 700=$39,428,oOO; the pay and allow- 

 ance of the four classes of reserves named 

 above, 1,537,200 = $7,686,000; for effective 

 services, the necessary stores, ammunition, 

 military education, military surveys, etc., 

 2,624,700 = $13,123,500 ; and non-effective 

 services, such as rewards for distinguished ser- 

 vice, pay of general officers, retired, full, and 

 half-pay pensions, -etc., 2,182,800 = $10,- 

 914,000. 



2. Navy. The British navy, like the army, 

 has a great burden of superannuated and re- 

 tired officers borne on its pay-rolls, which adds 

 largely to its cost, while contributing nothing to 

 its efficiency. Thus there are three admirals 

 of the fleet, all past service ; twenty admirals, 

 of whom only two are in commission ; twenty- 

 four vice-admirals, of whom only six are in 

 commission ; and forty-eight rear-admirals, of 

 whom only six are in commission. The amount 

 appropriated for this non-effective service was 

 1,516,525 = $7,582,625. One hundred and 

 sixty ships of all sizes were in commission for 

 foreign service, and 121 for coast-guard and 

 duty on the home-stations, receiving-ships, 

 tenders, tugs, etc. ; and 349 were in reserve or 

 building, very few of which could be put in 

 commission without considerable delay, and 

 many were nearly worthless. This fleet was 

 manned by 33,644 sailors, officers, and men ; 

 6,455 boys, and 6,988 marines ; making a total 

 naval complement of 47,097. The iron-clad 

 fleet, in September, 1869, consisted of 29 steam- 

 ships completed and in commission, and 14 in 

 various stages of building, several of which 

 have since been finished and put in commis- 

 sion. These 43 iron-clads will have cost, when 

 completed, about 10,700,000 = $53,500,000. 

 Several of them are very formidable vessels, 

 the Monarch, one of the latest and costliest 

 (her bills for construction exceeding $1,900,- 

 000), being, perhaps, the finest armored ship 

 afloat. She is of iron throughout, carries seven 

 guns, and is of 1,100 horse-power, and very 

 fast. 



The appropriation for the navy, for 1869-'70, 

 was 9,996,641 = $49,983,205. 



3. INCOME. It is estimated that three per 

 cent., or, in round numbers, about one million 

 of the population of the United Kingdom, be- 

 long to the landholder or aristocratic class, in- 

 cluding the families of the 350,000 landholders ; 

 about 20 per cent., or 6,000,000, to the middle 

 class, traders, and brain-workers, and 77 per 

 cent., or 23,000,000, to the lower class, or 

 manual laborers. The total annual income of 

 the population is estimated at 600,000,000 = 

 $3,000,000,000, of which 350,000,000 = $1,- 

 750,000,000 belongs to the upper and middle 

 classes, that is, to 7,000,000 of the population, 

 and 250,000,000=$1,250,000,000, to the man- 



ual-labor class, or 23,000,000 of the population, 

 the ratio being $54.35 per head to the latter and 

 $250 to the former class. The income of the 

 manual-labor class is not, with very rare ex- 

 ceptions, made the subject of direct taxation. 

 The income-tax is collected from the upper 

 and middle classes, almost exclusively, and 

 mainly from less than three millions of these. 

 The amount of income-tax, intheyearl8G8-'69, 

 was 8,618,000 = $43,090,000, of which about 

 one -third was from property in lands, tenements, 

 and hereditaments : one-twentieth from lease- 

 holders, one- tenth from profits arising from 

 annuities, dividends, and shares of annuities, 

 payable out of the public revenue (analogous 

 to our income-tax on the dividends of United 

 States bonds), eleven twenty-fifths from profits 

 arising from any profession, trade, or employ- 

 ment, and one-sixteenth from salaries, stipends, 

 or annuities, payable out of the public revenue. 



4. GOMMEECE AND INDUSTRY. The total 



amount of imports into the United Kingdom, 

 for the year ending January 1, 1869, was 

 294,693,608 = $1,473,468,040. The total ex- 

 ports were 227,778,454 = $1,138,892,270. 

 Of the imports, 227,700,061 =$1,138,500,305, 

 were from foreign countries; and of these 

 43,062,373 = $215,311,855 were from the 

 United States. There were from the British 

 possessions (colonies), 66,993,547 = $334,- 

 967,735. Of the exports, 174,060,626 = 

 $870,303,130, were to foreign countries, of 

 which 23,801,851 =$119,009,255, were to the 

 United States. The exports to the British 

 possessions were 53,7l7,828=$268,589,140. 



Of the imports, 130,906,116, or more than 

 three-sevenths were composed of five articles, 

 raw cotton, grain, wool, tea, and raw silk. Of 

 cotton, the total value imported was 55,198,- 

 522 = $275,992,610, a decided falling off from 

 1866, when the cotton import was valued at 

 about $390,000,000! The difference was due 

 mainly to a reduction in the price of cotton. 

 Of grain, the amount imported was, 39,420,- 

 290 = $197,101,450. Of wool, 15,114,805 = 

 $75,574,025 ; of tea, 12,431,454 = $62,157,- 

 270, and of raw silk, 8,741,045 = $43,705,225. 



The five principal articles of export made up 

 113,659,595 = $568,297,975, or almost ex- 

 actly one-half the total exports of the year. 

 These articles were cotton manufactures, 67,- 

 541,291 = $337,706,455 ; woollen and worst- 

 ed manufactures, 19,525,645 = $97,628,225; 

 iron and steel, 15,021,907 = $75,109,535; 

 linen manufactures, 7,094,319=$35,47l,595. 

 The customs revenue is collected almost entirely 

 from duties on the following articles of import, 

 all the rest with very trifling exception being 

 free: chiccory, cocoa, and chocolate, coffee, 

 corn (or grain), dried fruits, including currants, 

 figs, prunes, and raisins, rum, brandy, and other 

 spirituous liquors, sugar, molasses, tea, tobacco 

 and snuff, and wine. Nine-tenths of the whole 

 revenue is collected from spirituous liquors, 

 wine, tobacco, and sugar and molasses. 



Snipping. The number and tonnage of reg- 



