HENGSTENBERG, ERNST W. 



issued convoking the Legislative Chambers for 

 the 1st of February, 1870, and ordering elec- 

 tions in the mean time to fill the vacancies 

 in the Lower House. Salnave was captured, 

 tried by court-martial, and shot. 



HENGSTEKBERG, EENST WILHELM, a Ger- 

 man theologian, author, and editor; born in 

 Frondenberg, Westphalia, October 20, 1802; 

 died in Berlin, Prussia, June 3, 1869. He was 

 the son of a Lutheran clergyman, and was 

 prepared for the university by his father. 

 While at the University of Bonn, he devoted 

 himself principally to Oriental and meta- 

 physical studies, taking an enthusiastic part at 

 the same time in the BurscJienschaften. While 

 at this university, he published two volumes 

 which gained him considerable reputation, a 

 German translation of the metaphysics of 

 Aristotle, and a critical commentary upon the 

 Moallakali, a famous Arabic poem of the sixth 

 century. His sympathies at that time were 

 with the rationalistic school, but in 1823, going 

 to the University of Basel, he came under the 

 influence of the missionary institution, and 

 soon commenced his theological studies there 

 with new and higher views, becoming identi- 

 fied with the Evangelical Lutherans. In 1824 

 he went to Berlin as a theological privat-docent, 

 and soon became known as the leader of a ris- 

 ing orthodox party, and for many years de- 

 fended their principles with singular zeal and 

 ability. He published two small theological 

 treatises in 1825 and 1826, and in the latter 

 year was made extraordinary, in 1828 ordi- 

 nary professor of theology, and in 1829 doc- 

 tor of theology. In 1827 he founded the 

 Evangelische Kirchenzeitung (Evangelical 

 Church Gazette), a periodical which is still in 

 existence and has combated with great zeal 

 and ability all the forms of rationalism. His 

 theological works have been mostly written 

 with the same object the defence of ortho- 

 doxy against the assaults of the rationalists. 

 The following are those which have given him 

 the most reputation : " Christology of the Old 

 Testament, and Commentaries on the Messianic 

 Prophets," 3 vols., 1832-'35, revised in 1854- 

 '56; "Introduction to the Study of the Old 

 Testament," 3 vols., 1831-'39; "Commentaries 

 on the Psalms," 4 vols., 1842-'45 ; second edi- 

 tion 1850 ; " Commentaries on the most Im- 

 portant and most Difficult Portions of the Pen- 

 tateuch," 1 vol., 1842; "Commentaries on the 

 Apocalypse of St. John," 2 vols., 1850-'51 ; 

 "Explanation of the Song of Songs of Solomon," 

 1 vol., 1853 ; "Essay upon the Book of Job," 

 1856; "Freemasonry and the Duty of the 

 Evangelical Pastor," 1854. Of late years Dr. 

 Hengstenberg had parted company with his 

 old Evangelical associates, Neander, Tholuck, 

 andLange, and had become a very High-Church 

 Lutheran, and extremely intolerant, going so 

 far as to recommend to the King the persecu- 

 tion of all sectaries ; but his splendid contri- 

 butions to theological science will live when 

 these errors are forgotten. 

 VOL. ix. 22. A 



HUBER, VICTOR A. 



337 



HESSE-DARMSTADT,* a grand-duchy of 

 Germany. Grand-duke, Ludwig III., born June 

 9, 1806; succeeded his father June 16, 1848. 

 Area, 2 } 970 square miles; population, accord- 

 ing to the census of 1867, 823,138 (among 

 whom were 564,657 Evangelicals, and 229,373 

 Roman Catholics). Hesse-Darmstadt forms part 

 of the North-German Confederation, but only 

 for the province of Upper Hesse, and two little 

 communities north of the river Main, belonging 

 to the other provinces, together with 257,479 

 inhabitants. The budget for one year of the 

 financial period from 1869-'7l estimates the 

 revenue at 10,311,922; the expenditure at 

 10,000,017 guilders. The public debt (inclu- 

 sive of railroad debt) amounted, at the close of 



1868, to 15,621,000 florins. 



HUBER, VICTOK AIM, a German historian, 

 critic, publicist, and promoter of cooperative 

 enterprises, born at Stuttgart in 1800 ; died at 

 Wernigerode, in the Hartz Mountains, July 26, 



1869. He was educated at Wurzburg and 

 Gottingen, and studied medicine, intending to 

 devote himself to the practice of that profes- 

 sion. But, after leaving the university, he 

 travelled extensively in France, Spain, Portu- 

 gal, England, and Scotland, and, having made 

 himself master of the literature of those coun- 

 tries, resolved to undertake the work of in- 

 struction in them. He was successively pro- 

 fessor of Modern Languages, History, and Lit- 

 erature at Bremen, Marburg, and Berlin. In 

 1852 lie resigned his professorship, in order to 

 prosecute with more vigor and energy the two 

 somewhat incongruous objects he had at heart, 

 the promotion of cooperative societies and co- 

 operative efforts among the working-class, and 

 the support of the reactionary measures of the 

 German governments against state constitu- 

 tions and republicanism in every form. For 

 the latter purpose he wrote " The Conserva- 

 tive Party," Halle, 1841; "The Opposition," 

 Halle, 1842; "To Every One His Own," Ber- 

 lin, 1849 ; " Berlin, Erfurth, and Paris," Berlin, 

 1850 ; and founded, in 1845, and edited an an- 

 nual volume, entitled " Janus, a German Year- 

 Book of Opinion, Education, and Action." 

 For the promotion of cooperation he made 

 the widest and most thorough investigations 

 in England, Scotland, France, and Italy, and 

 wrote and printed many valuable and helpful 

 books and tracts on the subject, and finally 

 made his village, Wernigerode, in the Hartz 

 Mountains, a perfect hive of cooperatives. In 

 this village, which he may almost be said to 

 have created, he built and established, on his 

 favorite plan, schools, workmen's homes, etc., 

 devoting for the later years of his life his en- 

 tire energies to the work. His principal his- 

 torical and critical works were : " History of 

 the Cid," Bremen, 1829; "Chronicle of the 

 Cid," Marburg, 1844; "Essays on Spain" (a 

 work of great merit), 4 vols., Gottingen, 1828- 



* For an account of the population of the largest cities, 

 and the regulation of military affairs, see AMEIUCAN AN- 

 NUAL CYCLOPJEMA for 1868. 



