JONES, ERNEST. 



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the publication of some of his military works. 

 In 1822 he returned to Eussia, and was charged 

 with the military education of the Grand-duke 

 Nicholas. When his pupil ascended the throne, 

 Jomini was attached to his person as an aide- 

 de-camp. He participated in 1828 in the Rus- 

 sian war against Turkey, at the conclusion of 

 which he retired to Brussels, where he resided 

 from 1829 to 1853. The breaking out of the 

 Crimean War again called him from his retire- 

 ment, but he bore no particularly prominent 

 part in that struggle, and at its conclusion re- 

 turned to Brussels, and in 1863 was permitted 

 by Napoleon III. to reside at Passy. Since 

 that time he had been engaged upon various 

 works of military history. He ranked as one 

 of the most profound writers on the art of war, 

 and his works are counted among the standard 

 text - books. His chief publications were : 

 " Principes de la strategic " (3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 

 1818); "Vie politique et militaire de Napo- 

 leon, racontee par lui-meme au tribunal de 

 Cesar, d'Alexandre et de Frederic " (4 vols. 

 8vp, Paris, 1827); "Tableau analytique des 

 principales combinaisons de la guerre et de 

 leurs rapports avec la politique des etats " (4th 

 ed., St. Petersburg, 1836); "Precis de Fart de 

 .la guerre, ou nouveau tableau analytique des 

 principales combinaisons de la strategic, de la 

 grande tactique et de la politique militaire (5th 

 ed., Paris, 1838);) "Precis politique et mi- 

 litaire de la campagne de 1815 " (Paris, 1839) ; 

 "Appendice au precis de Thistoire de la guerre" 

 (Paris, 1849). 



JONES, ERXEST, an English radical jour- 

 nalist, reformer, and orator, born in Berlin, 

 Prussia, January 22, 1819; died in London, 

 January 26, 1869. He was of the old Norman 

 stock ; his father, a brave and gallant Eng- 

 lishman, was a major in the 15th Hussars of 

 the Hanoverian contingent, and Ernest I., King 

 of Hanover, was his godfather. He was very 

 thoroughly educated, speaking and writing 

 fluently all the the modern languages of Europe, 

 and becoming versed in the politics of the 

 European states, and graduated with distinc- 

 tion at the College of St. Michael, Luneburg. 

 In 1841, with this superior education, and en- 

 dowed with remarkable abilities, with an elo- 

 quence which to his dying day carried the 

 masses as by storm, with the most indomitable 

 energy, a zealous patriotism, a fierce hatred of 

 class legislation, and an enthusiastic devotion 

 to the cause of the common people, Jones 

 came to England, was called to the bar, and 

 commenced the practice of the law with great 

 success. In 1844 he flung himself into the 

 cause of the people, embarking in the Chartist 

 movement with all that earnestness and im- 

 petuousness which always characterized him. 

 The Chartist movement was taking form and 

 character, and Jones was from the first its 

 leader. He lectured, he conducted open-air 

 meetings, in which by his fiery eloquence and 

 his severe denunciations he brought the 

 passions of the masses to fever-heat in their 



hatred of the aristocratic class and its oppres- 

 sions ; he established and edited The People's 

 Paper for eight years; he wrote books and 

 tracts, to rouse them to greater exertion ; and 

 all this without fee or reward, though he was 

 very poor, and at times his refined and accom- 

 plished wife and his young children knew 

 what it was to want bread. But he had entered 

 upon this contest from no mercenary motive, 

 only from his love of the people. At length, in 

 1848, taking advantage of some of his expres- 

 sions, uttered in the heat of one of his most 

 impassioned speeches, the Government arrest- 

 ed him on the charge of making a treasonable 

 speech, and he was consigned to prison for 

 two years. For nineteen months of that time 

 he was deprived of pens, ink, and paper, and his 

 family were suffered to starve, while his letters 

 from them were kept back for three months at 

 a time, and he was unable to learn whether 

 the cholera, then fearfully prevalent, had or had 

 not carried them off. His uncle, Hilton An- 

 nesley, being near death, sent to him in prison 

 offering to settle on him an annuity of $10,000 

 per annum, if he would abandon his radical 

 course, and the advocacy of the cause of the 

 Chartists. Suffering both in his own person and 

 in the fate of his hapless family, it was a great 

 temptation; but he put it from him without 

 hesitation, preferring to starve rather than 

 forego his principles. Harder and sterner was 

 the cruelty which, under the name of justice, 

 was inflicted on him by his jailors, till even 

 Parliament was compelled to investigate his 

 treatment. During his confinement, he wrote 

 a poem, " The Revolt of Hindostan," with his 

 own blood upon the leaves of his prayer-book. 

 It was said to have been the most eloquent of 

 all his writings, and its polished invective ex- 

 cited the admiration of Mr. Disraeli, much as 

 he disliked Jones's political views. He was 

 discharged from prison, at last, to find his gifted 

 wife dying of her privations and sufferings, and 

 himself compelled to resume with broken health 

 the old warfare. He was now, however, more 

 discreet, though no less bitter. He had been a 

 candidate for Parliament before his imprison- 

 ment, and was so again in 1853 and 1857, but was 

 defeated each time. He still labored on for the 

 people and with increasing chances of a partial 

 success. He was not destined to see any of the 

 reforms he sought for completely achieved, but 

 he was cheered by the knowledge that they 

 were approaching. He declared for universal 

 suffrage, and he saw the number of voters in 

 England more than doubled ; for the vote by 

 ballot, which the present Parliament will prob- 

 ably grant; for the disestablishment of the 

 Irish Church, which is already ordered; for the 

 extirpation of the English establishment, which 

 is inevitable, and for the abolition of the House 

 of Lords, which cannot be very long delayed. 

 These measures, which, twenty years ago, 

 seemed so horrible to the minds of the middle 

 class in Great Britain, are all now advocated 

 by many of the first men of the nation. Mr. 



