418 MENTSCHIKOFF, ALEXANDER S. 



time had resided in that city or its vicinity, 

 where he attained in few years to a large and 

 lucrative practice in his specialty obstetrics 

 and diseases of women and children. He early 

 manifested a taste for medical literature, and 

 began his career, as a medical writer, as editor 

 of the North American Medical and Surgical 

 Journal. He subsequently translated and edited 

 Velpeau's "Elementary and Complete Treatises 

 on Midwifery." His thorough mastery of his 

 own special department of the profession was 

 already well known, and his reputation was 

 greatly enhanced by the publication in 1838 

 of his " Letters on the Practice of Obstetrics." 

 In 1840 he was called to the chair of Midwifery 

 in the Jefferson Medical College of Philadel- 

 phia, and filled the position with great credit 

 and acceptance till 1862, when he resigned 

 and removed to his country-seat in Delaware 

 County. In 1841 he published his very popu- 

 lar "Letters on the Diseases of Females," 

 which was highly prized by the medical pro- 

 fession. This was followed in 1847 by "Lec- 

 tures on some of the Distinctive Character- 

 istics of the Female ; " in 1848, by "Remarks 

 on Spasmodic Cholera;" in 1849, by "Obstet- 

 rics, the Science and the Art ; " and in 1850, 

 by " Observations on Certain Diseases of Chil- 

 dren." Besides these, he published a number 

 of lectures on medical and other .subjects. 

 His last work, issued in December, 1868, was 

 a translation from the French, entitled " Ty- 

 phaines Abbey," a novel. 



MENTSCHIKOFF, PEINCE ALEXANDER SEB- 

 GUWITSCH, a Russian noble, Admiral of the 

 Fleet, Governor of Finland, Minister of Marine, 

 and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces 

 in the Crimean War, born in St. Petersburg, in 

 1789 ; died in that city, May 3, 1869. He was 

 descended from a noble family which had at- 

 tained to the highest dignities under Peter the 

 Great. He entered the public service, after 

 receiving a military education, at the early age 

 of sixteen, and was for some time attached to 

 the embassy at Vienna. From 1812 to 1816 he 

 saw much service as an aide-de-camp of the 

 Emperor Alexander, and was promoted to the 

 rank of general. After the Peace of Paris, he 

 was actively engaged in the promotion of the 

 Greek hetairia, or brotherhood, which aimed 

 professedly at the restoration of the old Greek 

 empire. These movements being regarded 

 with disfavor by the Emperor, he resigned his 

 connection with the Government in 1823. On 

 the accession of the Emperor Nicholas, he was 

 recalled to court, and made ambassador ex- 

 traordinary to Abbas Mirza, then the Shah 

 of Persia, to conclude an alliance with him 

 against the Sultan. But the Shah proved 

 treacherous and endeavored to seize Prince 

 Mentschikoff, who effected his escape with 

 great difficulty, and took a high command in 

 the war which immediately followed. In 1824 

 he made himself master of Anapa, entered 

 Europe as general-in-chief, and undertook the 

 siege of Varna. In conducting this siege he 



METALS. 



was severely wounded, and was for a long 

 time unfit for active employment. After his 

 recovery he was made vice-admiral and chief 

 of staff of the Russian navy, and cooperated 

 very ably with the Archduke Constantine in the 

 creation of the Baltic fleet. In 1831 he was ap- 

 pointed Governor of Finland, and proved very 

 harsh and cruel in his treatment of the inhabit- 

 ants who were of Swedish birth or affinities. In 

 1834 he was advanced to the rank of Admiral of 

 the Fleet, and in 1836 made Minister of Marine. 

 In 1853 the Czar sent him on an embassy to 

 Constantinople to demand of the Sultan the 

 right of protectorate over all the Greek Chris- 

 tians of the Turkish empire. Resolved to bring 

 on a war with Turkey, he came before the Sul- 

 tan in a dress and with a manner purposely 

 so offensive, that he was summarily dismissed. 

 On his return to St. Petersburg he was re- 

 ceived with coldness, but was, nevertheless, a 

 few months later appointed to the supreme mili- 

 tary and civil command in the Crimea. He 

 proved an energetic, and, for some time, a very 

 successful commander; now stirring up insur- 

 rections in Thessaly and Epirus, making care- 

 ful observations of the movements of the Turk- 

 ish fleet, and presently annhilating it at Sinope ; 

 offering a stubborn though not successful re- 

 sistance to the allies in the Alma, and sustain- 

 ing severe a defeat at the Alma, without losing 

 his prestige, and preventing for many months 

 the fall of Sevastopol. On the death of the 

 Emperor Nicholas he was deprived of all com- 

 mand, being personally obnoxious to Alexander 

 II., but continued to sit in the Council of the 

 Empire till his death, and to advocate the 

 views of the Panslavists. 



METALS. Making Lead Pipes with a Tin 

 Lining. M. J. Grand, Jr., is the inventor of a 

 new way of manufacturing lead pipes with 

 a lining of tin. The first step is the formation 

 of a muff coated with tin on the inside. This 

 is made in a horizontal mould, which is caused 

 to revolve with great rapidity, and is provided 

 with a hollow axle, through which the metals 

 are introduced. The metals are fused in a 

 crucible furnished with a stop-cock or a clack- 

 valve opening into the hollow axle of the 

 mould. One crucible will suffice, the lead 

 being placed at the bottom and the tin on the 

 top, the two being separated by an iron grat- 

 ing ; or the tin may be melted in a separate 

 crucible provided with a valve, and placed 

 above that in which the lea'd is melted. The 

 lead is run into the mould first, and the tin 

 follows, while the former metal is still liquid. 

 A rapid movement of rotation keeps the two 

 metals from mixing, while a perfect junction is 

 formed as they solidify. When sufficiently 

 cooled, the muff is transferred to the press, 

 and the pipes are squeezed out in the usual 



lucing Aluminium from its Ores. Mr. 

 A. L. Fleury, of Boston, Mass., claims to have 

 discovered a method of reducing the metal 

 aluminium from pure alumina. He first mixes 



