422 



METALS. 



quantity of lump-ore, and 30 per cent, of fine 

 ore scattered over the iron and stirred in. The 

 heat was then lowered slightly to give the iron 

 and ore tims for reaction, when it was raised, 

 and the charge balled in the usual manner. In 

 this experiment there was a saving of some 30 

 per cent, in time, and an improvement in quality 

 of product. The following summary of results 

 is presented, contrasting the old with the 

 new (or Ellerhausen) system of puddling : 



OLD SYSTEM. 



Coal consumed per ton of puddled bars 2.698 Ibs. 



Fettling ore consumed per ton of puddled bars. 1.374 Ibs. 



Average turn six heats 2,687 Ibs. 



No waste. 



NEW SYSTEM. 



Coal consumed par ton of puddled bars 2,213 Ibs. 



Fettling ore consumed per ton of puddled bard. 682 Ibs. 



Fine ore consumed per ton of puddled bars 646 Ibs. 



Average turn eight heats 3,552 Ibs. 



Saving by new system in coal per ton of puddled 



bars over old system 435 Ibs. 



Increase in consumption of ore per ton of puddled 



bars over old system 46 Ibs. 



Increase in product of puddling-furnace over old 



system 34 p.c. 



Gain in yield of both furnaces over old system 



during the week 2,512 Ibs. 



The Siemans- Martin Process. Van Nos- 

 trancVs Magazine gives the following particu- 

 lars of a change of Siemans-Martin steel, 

 produced at the works of Messrs. Cooper, 

 Hundt & Co., Trenton, under the superintend- 

 ence of Mr. F. J. Slade, who first introduced 

 the process into this country. The editor says 

 that he has experimented with a bar of steel 

 made by this process, exactly as represented in 

 this table annexed, and has found it to be very 

 soft and tough, and capable of sustaining a very 

 high heat : 

 Martin Steel Process, April 21, 1869, 6.25 A. M. to 6.22 



P.M. 



CHXKGE, 78: INGOTS, 543-560. CLASS I. 



To Pi? Iron. . i ann 



;; steei scrap '. -.v.v.v.::: ::;;;; :; ;: ;: ;; $0? 



Puddled Iron o 400 



"ingots ;;;;; ' 495 



By Product : 



Cr. 



6,002 



B J gjgots (cast in groups) 



" Waste,' 



5.124 

 '339 



8.9 per cent V........\\Y.V..... .. .'. 539 



"6^002 



ISS^SW* i rom 7 A - M -' A P ril 21st t0 ' 7 A - M - 



soft, 6,864 : duration of charge, 11 h. 57 m. 



A correspondent of The Engineer thus 

 mentions one of the results of the process as 

 adopted in France: "The Terrenoire Iron- 

 works have now four Martin furnaces in oper- 

 ation. Ere now this process has been carried 

 on, introducing scraps of Bessemer steel into 

 cast iron. It is necessary, of course, that this 

 cast iron be entirely free from phosphorus. 

 Some trials have been made in the use of worn- 

 out rails instead of Bessemer steel, but that 

 has been a complete failure. The rails were 

 exceedingly brittle, and the railway companies 

 have forbidden the mixture of old iron rails 

 with the Bessemer steel used in the Martin 

 process. This difficulty might be avoided with 

 good iron obtained from a cast iron free from 

 phosphorus, but the price of the steel would be 

 greatly increased. This process will be very 

 useful to the makers of Bessemer steel, enab- 

 ling them to get rid of their scrap." 



BerarcPs Process. The Paris Presse makes 

 mention of a successful test of M. Aristide Be- 

 rard's plan of changing second-class metal, in 

 course of refining, into steel of at least ordinary 

 quality, by means of a process which is no 

 further described than by saying that it is 

 " alternately oxidizing and reductive." The 

 product obtained by his process, in presence of 

 two competent judges, proved to be steel of 

 good quality, suitable for all purposes, and made 

 with the facility necessary to its application to 

 practical industry. The operation was effected 

 in a reverberatory furnace, lasted about an hour 

 and a half, and was accomplished with as much 

 facility as puddling. In this process, instead of 

 acting on 480 pounds of metal, to obtain iron 

 of number-one quality, from 6,600 to 11,000 

 pounds of metal are made by only one operation 

 into steel ingots ready for the workshop, and 

 with an unexpected economy. 



Ponsard & BoynevaVs Process. The Mining 

 Journal gives the following account of a pro- 

 cess, patented by Messrs. A. Ponsard and F. E. 

 Boyneval, of Paris, for dispensing with the 

 costly blast-furnaces hitherto employed in the 

 manufacture of cast and wrought iron and 

 steel. 



The furnace is constructed similar to a reverberatory 

 furnace, with a double sloping hearth for the collec- 

 tion of the molten metal. The hearth is heated either 

 by an ordinary furnace or by gas. Upon each of the 

 sloping sides of the hearth rest the lower ends of a 

 number of vertical fire-clay tubes or crucibles, with- 

 out bottoms, such tubes entering at their upper ends 

 with holes in the roof of the furnace, which roof is 

 covered by a cast-iron plate, forming a platform, and 

 being provided with movable lids, which fit over the 

 mouths of the different springs leading down into the 

 tubes. The ore, fluxes, and fuel, are fed into the sev- 

 eral tubes from the platform ; the flames circulating 

 round the exteriors of the tubes effect the fusion of 

 the ore without coming into contact therewith. The 

 small amount of fuel contained inside the tubes along 

 with the ore and flux, in order to effect the deoxida- 

 tion of the ore and the carburation of the metal, 

 should be of the best quality. It will thus be seen 

 that two distinct kinds of fuel are employed the 

 ordinary fuel, for the purpose of fusion, and a supe- 

 rior fuel, of which only a small proportion is required. 

 The molten cast iron runs out of the bottoms of the 



