532 



OBITUAKIES, FOREIGN. 



nation, of 1,000, on the occurrence of a va- 

 cancy ; but the vacancy did not occur till after 

 the defeat of the Conservative Cabinet, and 

 the Liberal Administration abolished the office. 

 Mr. Townsend's disappointment is said to have 

 led him to commit suicide. 



Feb. . RITTEB, HEINEICH, a German phi- 

 losopher and historian ; died at Gottingen, in 

 his 78th year. He was born at Zerbst, in 1791, 

 educated in general literature and theology at 

 Halle and Gottingen, and in philosophy at 

 Berlin. From an early age, history and its 

 bearing upon philosophy was a favorite topic 

 of thought and study with him. At the age of 

 twenty-six he had published two small works, 

 which show the direction of his studies, books 

 which were full of the germs of thought. They 

 were entitled, " On the Formation of the Phi- 

 losopher by the History of Philosophy;" and 

 " What Influence has the Philosophy of Des- 

 cartes exercised on the Formation of that of 

 Spinoza, and what are their Points of Contact?" 

 From 1824 to 1835, he was extraordinary pro- 

 fessor at Berlin; from 1835 to 1837, professor 

 at Kiel ; and from 1837 to his death, professor 

 of the History of Philosophy at Berlin. He 

 had published, in 1820, an essay on the "Phi- 

 losophy of Empedocles," and the following 

 year a "History of the Ionian Philosophy." 

 This was followed, in 1826, by "Remarks on 

 the Philosophy of the Megaric School," and, 

 after these monographs, he settled himself to 

 his life-work, "The General History of Philos- 

 ophy," in twelve volumes, which appeared 

 from 1829 to 1853. He subsequently com- 

 pleted this by an "Essay on Modern German 

 Philosophy since Kant." He published some- 

 what later a " History of Christian Philosophy, 

 preceded by an Essay on the Relations of Faith 

 to Science," in 2 vols. 8vo. Besides these 

 great works, he published "An Introduction 

 to Logic," in 1823; an "Abridged Philosophy 

 of Logic," in 1824; "The Demi-Kantians and 

 Pantheism," 1827; "The Knowledge of God 

 in the World," 1836; a "Treatise on Sin," 

 1839; and "Smaller Philosophical Essays," 

 1839-'40, 2 vols. Most of his works have been 

 translated into other languages. 



Feb. . ZIMMEBMANN, CLEMENS, a Bavarian 

 painter, mainly in fresco ; died in Munich, in 

 the 81st year of his age. He was born in Dus- 

 seldorf, November 4, 1788 ; educated at Diis- 

 seldorf and Munich, and showed such evident 

 marks of genius in the first considerable paint- 

 ing which he exhibited, "Noah's Sacrifice," 

 that he at once won a reputation. In 1815, 

 he was appointed director of the Gallery at 

 Augsburg, and ten years later was made Pro- 

 fessor of painting in the Munich Academy. 

 King Louis I. selected him as one of the artists 

 to decorate the Glyptothek, the Pinakothek, 

 and the other public buildings, by whose erec- 

 tion he aimed to make Munich a city of pal- 

 aces. He also assigned to him the delicate and 

 difficult task of executing in fresco the designs 

 of Cornelius for the ornamentation of the cor- 



ridors of the Pinakothek. He was so success- 

 ful in these, that the King authorized him to 

 decorate the dining-hall of the Royal Palace 

 with a series of subjects which he had designed 

 from Anacreon. In the execution of these de- 

 signs he employed a process of his own inven- 

 tion, combining encaustic with painting in oils. 

 He was appointed, some years later, director 

 of the Central Gallery of Art in Munich. His 

 paintings were all of the historical class ; occa- 

 sionally he undertook religious subjects. One 

 of the best of these, an "Assumption of the 

 Virgin," of colossal size, adorns a church in 

 Australia. 



March 3. BAEHAM, THOMAS FOSTEE, M. B., 

 an English scholar, author, and physicist ; died 

 at Newton Abbot, Devonshire. He was born 

 at Hendon, Middlesex, in 1794, and was edu- 

 cated at Queen's College, Cambridge, 'where 

 he took his degree of M. B., in 1820. After 

 acting for some time as physician to the Ex- 

 eter Dispensary, he settled at Newton Abbot, 

 where he remained until his death. He was 

 the author of several volumes, among which 

 were four classical, four theological, and five 

 scientific works. 



March 4. SIMPSON, JAMES, C. E., an Eng- 

 lish hydraulic engineer ; died in London, aged 

 70 years. He was the son of Thomas Simpson, 

 the original projector of, and for forty-one years 

 engineer to, the Lambeth Water-works, and 

 also engineer to the Chelsea Water-works. He 

 was born at Westfield Lodge, Surbiton, and was 

 educated under the direction of his father, 

 whom he succeeded in the Chelsea Company. 

 In 1828, after having made some careful ex- 

 periments, he succeeded in preparing the most 

 complete "filter-bed" that has yet been exe- 

 cuted ; and also among other of his early works 

 was the construction of elevated reservoirs at 

 Streatham and Brixton, with the iron mains 

 and pumping-engines in connection therewith. 

 In 1849, in view of the increasing deterioration 

 of the Thames water in and near London, Mr. 

 Simpson advised the Lambeth Company to 

 remove the works to their present position 

 above Kingston, and the success of the under- 

 taking led to the subsequent removal of the 

 Chelsea Works to the same locality. In 1845 

 he designed the extensive works for supplying 

 Bristol with water from the Mendip Hills. At 

 Copenhagen and at Aberdeen, also, are monu- 

 ments of his skill. The long pier at Southend 

 for obtaining access to steamers at low water, 

 and the extensive dock and harbor of West 

 Hartlepool, and many other valuable enter-- 

 prises, owe their success to his devotion to this 

 department of science. In 1825 he was elected 

 a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers, 

 and subsequently was vice-president, and, in 

 1854 and 1855, president of that body. 



March 7. CLIFTON, General Sir AETHUE 

 BENJAMIN, G. C. B., K. C. H., a veteran British 

 officer ; died at Brighton, aged 99 years. He 

 was educated at Rugby, and entered the army 

 in 1794 ; served in the Peninsula and at Water- 



