552 



OHIO. 



OREGON. 



and it has been successfully used for large stat- 

 uary. Eight quarries were worked by differ- 

 ent firms in 1869, producing 7,000 tons of small 

 and medium-sized grindstones and 75,000 tons 

 of building-stone. Lake Abram stone is of a 

 somewhat coarser texture, of a light-gray or 

 cream color, and crops out on a high ridge. 

 The stone is used for building-purposes and 

 for large grindstones for manufactories, some 

 weighing from two to three tons each. The 

 quarry was first worked this year. Indepen- 

 dence stone also is taken from a high ridge, is 

 of a light-gray color, and is used for building 

 and for large coarse grindstones. The quar- 

 ries are worked by three firms, producing 

 about 4,000 tons, mostly grindstones. The 

 Amherst and Brownhelm, or Black Eiver quar- 

 ries, are in hills from twenty to forty feet 

 high. The stone is of a gray or cream color, 

 and is used for grindstones and very extensively 

 for building-stone all over the Northern States. 

 The stone from these quarries was the first 

 from Ohio taken to the Eastern States, it hav- 

 ing been introduced in New York in 1863. 

 During 1869 the shipments aggregated 30, 000 

 tons of building-stone and 8,000 tons of grind- 

 stones. The entire shipments of what is known 

 as " Ohio stone," in 1869, amounted to over 

 125,000 tons in grindstones and building-stone. 



The specific gravity of the Ohio or Cleve- 

 land stone is 2.35. It weighs on an average 

 142 pounds to the cubic foot. A close analy- 

 sis makes the percentage of pure silica at 

 from 92 to 95.20, the latter percentage being 

 reported of Berea stone. A number of cubic 

 blocks, 1|- inches square, were, in 1867, tested 

 by hydraulic pressure, in New York, at the 

 request of the architect of Trinity Building. 

 The Berea stone tested sustained an average 

 pressure of 15,400 pounds, and the Amherst 

 or Brownhelm stone of 9,750 pounds. 



On November 1st, the Board of Education 

 of the city of Cincinnati adopted the following 

 resolutions : 



R&toloed. That religious instruction, and the read- 

 ing of the Holy Bible, are prohibited in the common 

 schools of Cincinnati, it being the true object and 

 intent of this rule to allow the children of the parents 

 of all sects and opinions, in matters of faith and wor- 

 ship, to enjoy alike the benefits of the common-school 

 fund. 



Resolved, That so much of the regulations on the 

 course of study and text-books in tne intermediate 

 and district schools (p. 213, Annual Report*) as reads 

 as follows : " The opening exercises in every depart- 

 ment shall commence by reading a portion of the 

 Bible by or under the direction of the teacher, and 

 appropriate singing of the pupils," be repealed. 



Application was made to the Superior Court, 

 by persons opposed to this action, for an injunc- 

 tion restraining the Board from carrying out 

 the resolutions. They quoted, as the basis of 

 their action, the following provision of the Bill 

 of Rights in the constitution of the State : 



Religion, morality, and knowledge, however, being 

 essential to good government, it shall be the duty of 

 the General Assembly to pass suitable laws to protect 

 every religious denomination in the peaceable enjoy- 



ment of its own mode of public worship, and to en- 

 courage schools and the means of instruction. 



The injunction was granted, and arguments 

 heard for and against making it perpetual. A 

 decision was rendered in February, making the 

 injunction perpetual. The case attracted at- 

 tention throughout the country, as bearing upon 

 the question of religious or sectarian instruction 

 in public schools. 



OREGON, the most northern State of the 

 Union on the Pacific slope, having California 

 on the south and Washington Territory on the 

 north, extending from the Pacific Ocean to 

 Snake River, the latter constituting a part of 

 its eastern boundary. It is 350 miles long 

 from east to west, and 275 wide from north to 

 south, containing 95,274 square miles, or 

 .60,975,360 acres, being about half as large as 

 the State of California. Population estimated 

 at about 100,000. Capital Salem, in Manin 

 County. 



The Coast Mountains and the Sierra Neva- 

 da, traversing California, continue northward 

 through Oregon ; the latter, after leaving Cali- 

 fornia, are named the Cascades. Near the 

 southern boundary the chain throws off a 

 branch called the Blue Mountains, which ex- 

 tends northeastwardly through the State, pass- 

 ing into Washington and Idaho. 



The course of the Cascades through the 

 Sate is generally parallel with the shore of the 

 Pacific, and distant therefrom an average of 

 110 miles. In California the direction of the 

 Coast Mountains and coast valleys is that of 

 general parallelism with the sea-shore ; the 

 mountains sometimes approaching close to the 

 shore and then receding miles from it, leaving 

 belts of arable land between them and the 

 ocean. In Oregon the Coast Range consists of 

 a series of highlands running at right- angles 

 with the shore, with valleys and rivers be- 

 tween the numerous spurs having the same 

 general direction as the highlands. The Coast 

 Range of mountains, which extend the whole 

 length of the State, are covered with fine tim- 

 ber, such as fir, cedar, ash, hemlock, maple, 

 live-oak, and other valuable kinds. Numerous 

 streams, abounding in trout and salmon, flow 

 down from these mountains. The western 

 coast is rather rough and uninviting, yet there 

 are innumerable situations where happy homes 

 might be made if settlers had the nerve to at- 

 tack and subdue the. forests that cover them. 

 The climate is mild, the air and water pure, 

 and the soil exceedingly rich and productive, 

 while the water-powers and facilities for manu- 

 facturing lumber are unsurpassed, with the 

 broad highway of the Pacific stretching away 

 to excellent markets. The Indian Reservation, 

 covering the principal parts of the coast west 

 of the Willamette Valley is the great obstacle 

 to the settlement and improvement of that part 

 of the State. 



The Willamette Valley, between the Coast 

 and Cascade ranges of mountains, is 150 miles 

 long by 80 wide, and embraces 12,000 square 



