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TALLMADGE, FREDERICK A. 



The Congress of the International Peace and 

 Liberty League assembled on September 15th, 

 at Lausanne. Upward of 400 members were 

 present, among them Victor Hugo, the hon- 

 orary president, Gambetta, Terrier, and Lau- 

 rier, from France ; Louis Simon and Venedey 

 from Germany. The following resolutions 

 were adopted: 



Whereas, The material and permanent cause of the 

 warlike condition in Europe is the entire want of 

 judicial international institutions ; 



Whereas, It is the first condition that an interna- 

 tional tribunal to decide upon questions, to solve 

 which war and diplomacy try in vain by force and 

 deceit, should he chosen and appointed ^ directly by 

 the will of the nations and governed in its decisions 

 by international laws voted by these same nations ; 



Whereas, The moral weight of such tribunal re- 

 quires that to effectuate its decisions it should be 

 secured by an executive vested with sufficient power ; 



Whereas, Such executive power can legally exist 

 only if regulated and countenanced by the direct will 

 of the peoples ; and 



Whereas, The three institutions together, namely, 

 an international statute, a tribunal to apply it and a 

 power to execute its decisions, constitute a govern- 

 ment : 



The assembled Congress declares that 



1. The only means to secure peace in Europe is to 

 establish a confederation of the peoples, by the name 

 of a United States of Europe. 



2. The government of this union must be repub- 

 lican and federal that is, it must be based upon the 

 principle of the sovereignty of the people, with a 

 proper regard to the autonomy and independence of 

 each member of the confederation. 



3. The forms of government must be open to im- 

 provement. 



4. The European Confederation has to guarantee 

 to all nations belonging to it 



a) Sovereignty and autonomy. 



b) Individual freedom. 

 <n Liberty of the ballot. 

 'a) Liberty of the press. 



'<?) Liberty of assembling and forming associations. 

 / ) Liberty of conscience. 



(<7) Liberty to labor without taking undue advan- 

 tage of operatives. 



(h) Actual personal responsibility of all executive 

 officers. 



5. No peoples can be admitted to join the European 

 Confederation if not in the full possession of 



(a) The general franchise. 

 ( il The right of voting or refusing taxes. 

 (cj The right of making peace and declaring war. 

 () The right of entering into and ratifying politi- 

 cal and commercial treaties. 

 (e) The right to amend its constitution. 



TALLMADGE, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, a po- 

 litical leader and jurist of New York City, 

 born in Litchfield, Conn., August 29, 1792 ; 

 died there, September 17, 1869. He was a son 

 of Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge, a distinguished 

 officer of the Revolutionary War. He was 

 educated at Yale College, where he graduated 

 in 1811, studied law under Judge Eeeve, at the 

 Litchfield Law School, commanded a troop of 

 volunteer cavalry for the defence of New York 

 in 1812, was admitted to the New York bar, 

 and commenced the practice of his profession 

 in New York City in 1813, and for more than 

 half a century was identified with the prosper- 

 ity of New York. He had attained high rank 

 in his profession before he intermingled in 

 politics at all. In 1834 he was chosen Assist- 

 ant Alderman for the Eighth Ward, and in 

 1836 Alderman for the same ward. In 1837 

 he was elected State Senator, and at the end 

 of his term was reflected. In 1841 he was 

 appointed Recorder of the City of New York, 

 a judicial office, analogous to that of city judge, 

 which position he held till 1846, when, the re- 

 cordership under the new constitution becom- 

 ing an elective office, Mr. Tallmadge was nom- 

 inated, as a Whig, for Congress from the Fifth 

 District, and elected by about 400 majority over 

 his Democratic competitor, David Broderick, 

 subsequently a California Senator in Congress. 

 In the beginning of 1849 he was again chosen 

 Recorder. In May, 1849, occurred the Astor 

 Place Riots, which were effectually put down 

 by Recorder Tallmadge's decision and energy. 

 The history of these riots was briefly this: 

 Edwin Forrest, the tragic actor, had become a 



leader in the Native American movement, and 

 was attempting to obtain a nomination and 

 election to Congress through it. He was at 

 the same time vaunting himself as the great 

 American tragedian. William 0. Macready, 

 a well-known and able English tragedian, had, 

 at the time, an engagement at the Astor Place 

 Opera-House. Certain partisans of Forrest, 

 led by E. Z. 0. Judson (Ned Buntline), and 

 secretly supported, it was said, by Captain Rynd- 

 ers, Mike Walsh, and others, determined to 

 mob Macready, and assaulted the Opera-House, 

 during his performance, with a shower of pav- 

 ing-stones. The Seventh Regiment were called 

 out to preserve the peace, but were assailed by 

 the rioters and thrown into disorder. The 

 Sheriff (Westervelt) was urged by prominent 

 citizens to order the military to clear the 

 streets, but he had not the nerve to do it. 

 They then appealed to the Mayor (0. S. Wood- 

 hull), but he was even more timid than the 

 sheriff. Meantime the riot was increasing, the 

 police were useless, and the military powerless 

 for want of orders. At this juncture, Recorder 

 Tallmadge came upon the ground, and, having 

 commanded the mob to disperse, ordered the 

 military to fire over their heads. They did so, 

 but, as no one was hurt, the rioters rushed 

 upon them, hurling paving-stones and other 

 missiles at them with great violence. The 

 soldiers held their lines without wavering, 

 though a number of their men were injured. 

 Recorder Tallmadge immediately gave his sec- 

 ond order to fire, and aim low, and within 

 three minutes nearly twenty of the rioters were 

 killed, more than thirty seriously wounded, and 



