684 TROPLONG, RAYMOND T. 



TURKEY. 



HARBISON AND TYLER' S ADMINISTRATION. 



FOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



TAYLOR AND FILLMORE's ADMINISTRATION. 



PIERCE' S ADMINISTRATION. 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



1866. 

 1867, 



$550,684,299 $445,512,158, $1,141,072,666 $2,783,425,879 



438,577,312 

 454,301,713 

 413,954,615 



411,733,309 1,093,079,655 

 373,409,448 1,069,889,970 



437,314, 



584,777,966 



2,692,199,215 

 2,636,320,964 

 2.489,200,484 



The debt of the United States on the 1st 

 day of January, 1870, was as follows: 



Bearing interest in coin at 5 per cent $221,589,300 



6 " 1,886,349,800 



in lawful money 59,545,000 



On which interest has ceased 4,140,936 



Demand and legal-tender notes 356,113,098 



Fractional currency 39,762,664 



Gold certificates 40,170,380 



Interest accrued 60,463,490 



Total. 



Coin $109,159,476 



Currency 12,773,963 



Sinking fund 22,545,927 



Bonds purchased 64,908,350 



2,658,134,668 



209,387,716 



Debt, less amount in Treasury $2,448,746,952 



TROPLONG, RAYMOND THEODOEE, a French 

 jurist, statesman, and publicist, born at St. 

 Gaudens (Haute-Garonne), October 8, 1795 ; 

 died in Paris, February 28, 1869. Of his 

 childhood and youth we have no information, 

 but shortly after the second Restoration he 

 was admitted to the bar, and in 1819 entered 

 the magistracy, as a substitute in the Civil 

 Tribunal of Alenon. He was soon after ap- 

 pointed King's Attorney, at SartSne, and 

 about a year later deputy Attorney-General at 



* To June 30. 



Bastia. Here he married, and became after a 

 time Advocate-General. In 1829 he was ap- 

 pointed to the same office at Nancy. Here 

 he gained a high reputation by his learned 

 and careful investigation of the territorial 

 rights appertaining to the sovereignty of the 

 Dukes of Lorraine. In 1833 M. Troplong was 

 made President of the Court of Nancy; 

 in 1834 he received the decoration of the 

 Legion of Honor, and in 1835 was called to 

 occupy a seat as Councillor in the Court 

 of Cassation. This rapid promotion was due 

 mainly to his very able treatises on legal 

 topics, which had given him a high reputation 

 throughout France. On the 4th of July, 1846, 

 he was made a Peer of France, and two years 

 later, on the death of Baron Seguier, First 

 President of the Court of Paris ; he was called 

 to that high position by a decree dated Decem- 

 ber 22, 1848. His great abilities as a jurist 

 did not escape the notice of Louis Napoleon ; 

 and a month after the coup d'etat, January 25, 

 1852, he was made Senator. He was soon 

 elected Vice-President, and, in 1854, President 

 of the Senate, and on the 30th December, 1854, 

 the Emperor conferred on him the Grand 

 Cross of the Legion of Honor. In 1852 he 

 succeeded M. Pourtales as First President of 

 the Court of Cassation, ajid in 1858 was made a 

 member of the Privy Council. As early as 

 1840 he had been elected (as successor to M. 

 Daunou) a member of the French Academy of 

 Moral and Political Science, in the section of 

 legislation. He was also a member of the 

 commission for the management of the Opera, 

 and President of the Council-General of the 

 Department of the Eure. M. Troplong's greatest 

 work is " The Civil Code Explained," in 28 

 vols., 8vo (1833-'58), a continuation of "The 

 Commentary on the Civil Code " of Toullier. 

 Several of the treatises in this great work have 

 been published separately, and have passed 

 through numerous editions, particularly the 

 following: " On Privileges and Mortgages," 4 

 vols., 8vo ; " Of Sales," 2 vols. ; " Of Prescrip- 

 tive Rights," 2 vols. ; "Of the Marriage Con- 

 tract," 4 vols. ; " Of Donations," 4 vols. Be- 

 sides this great work, M. Troplong is the author 

 of " The Influence of Christianity on the Civil 

 Law of the Romans," 8vo, 1843 ; " Of the 

 Power of the State over Education," 1844; 

 "On Property," 1848; "The Armida of 

 Gluck," 8vo, 1859 ; and numerous contribu- 

 tions to the reviews. 



TURKEY, an empire in Europe, Asia, and 

 Africa. Area, 1,917,472 square miles.. The 

 monarch of the Ottomans is usually known 

 abroad as the Grand Sultan, and at home as 

 the Padishah, but his true title is Khan, which, 

 as in the case of pachas, beys, agas, and effen- 

 dis, is appended to the name. The present 

 sovereign is Abd-ul-Aziz-Khan, born Febru- 

 ary 9, 1830 (according to Turkish chronology, 

 15th of Chabaun, A. H. 1245). He is the thir- 

 ty-second of the house of Osman, and the 

 twenty-ninth who since the capture of Con- 



