TUKKEY. 



685 



stantinople has held the throne. He succeeded 

 his brother, Abd-ul-Medj id-Khan the eldest 

 male of the family taking succession, whether 

 in a direct line or not June 25, 1861. His 

 children are Youssoff Izz-ed-Deen Effendi, born 

 October 9, 1857, colonel in the army ; Sultana 

 Saline", born August 10, 1862 ; Mahmoud-Dje- 

 mil-ed-Deen, born November 20, 1862; Mech-, 

 med Selim, born October 8, 1866, and Abd- 

 ul-Medjid, born June 27, 1868. His only sister, 

 the Sultana Adile, born May 23, 1826, was 

 married to the late Mehemet Ali Pacha, June 

 12, 1845 ; so that the present vassal ruler of 

 Egypt is connected by family ties with his 

 suzerain. 



The high ministers of state are 1. Ali 

 Pacha (March, 1868), Grand-Vizier, who has 

 the title of Highness, and presides over the 

 Council of State. 2. Hassan, Sheik-ul-Islam, 

 or Mufti, who is chief of the Ulema, or legal 

 and religious Council, and is the chief inter- 

 preter of the law. The Council of State is 

 further made up of the following ministers, 

 who are dependent upon the Grand- Yizier : 

 Foreign Affairs, Ali Pacha ; War, Hussein Pa- 

 cha (1869); Finance, Sadyk Pacha (1869); Ma- 

 rine, Mahmoud Pacha; Commerce, Agriculture, 

 and Public Hygiene, Cabouli Pacha ; Police, 

 Houssny Pacha; Justice, Mumtaz Effendi ; Pub- 

 lic Instruction, Safvet Pacha; Intendant of 

 Mosques, Tefvid Effendi; Interior, Mehem- 

 ed Ruchdi Pacha; Postmaster-General, Ya- 

 ver Pacha ; Comptroller of Public Debt, Kiani 

 Pacha ; Grand Marshal (vacant) ; Lieutenant- 

 Governor of the Serdar-ekrem, Abd-ul-Kerim ; 

 and ministers without portfolio, Riza Pacha, 

 Kybryslu Mehemed Pacha, Kiamil Pacha, 

 and Mustapha Fazyl Pacha. 



The Divan, or Council of State, comprises 

 the superior and inferior clerical force, and 

 embraces six ranks of functionaries. Besides 

 the Divan there are special councils, such as 

 Justice, War, Admiralty, etc. Since 1868, 

 there has been a Council of State (Chourai- 

 Devlet), charged with the preparation of laws, 

 the discussion of the budget, etc., and di- 

 vided into five sections Administration, Fi- 

 nance, Justice, Instruction, and Commerce. 

 It is composed of fifty members, Christians 

 and Mussulmen, chosen by the Sultan, and the 

 president is a member of the Cabinet. 



The Ottoman empire is divided into general 

 governments (eyalets), under the administra- 

 tion of governors-general (valis). These are 

 again divided into provinces (Iwas) under lieu- 

 tenant-governors (IcaimonoTcans) ; these into 

 districts (cazas), and these into villages and 

 hamlets (nehozes). Since 1865 the govern- 

 ment has adopted a new system of provincial 

 administration, founded on the principle of 

 decentralization, which has been extended 

 gradually to all parts of the empire. The gen- 

 eral governments in the European and Afri- 

 can dominions of Turkey, including the semi- 

 independent countries, giving the names best 

 known to Americans, are as follows : 



Besides the princes of Roumania and Ser- 

 via, also the Governor-General of the Lebanon, 

 in Asia (Franco Effendi), is a Christian. 



The population amounts to 42,060,510, of 

 which 24,376,000 are Mussulmans, 15,260,000 

 Christians of the Greek, Armenian, Syrian, 

 and other Oriental rites, 150,000 Israelites, 

 214,000 Zingaries or Gypsies, and the rest 

 mainly Christians of the Latin rite (Roman 

 Catholics), with a sprinkling of Protestants. 

 The Mussulmans are under the religious control 

 of the Sheik-ul-Islam, and their own religious 

 functionaries, the Mohammedan being the 

 state faith ; but, as all other religions are toler- 

 ated, the other denominations have their hier- 

 archy. Throughout the empire there are two 

 patriarchs and eleven archbishops and vicars 

 apostolic of the Roman Catholic, and eighteen 

 archbishops of the Greek, Melchite, Syrian, 

 Armenian, and Chaldean rites, with a numer- 

 ous body of bishops and minor ecclesiastics. 

 For the purpose of official communication with 

 it the Sublime Porte recognizes the following 

 chiefs of the different religious communities : 

 Gregory, Patriarch of the separated Greek 

 Church (resigned in 1869) ; Boghos, Patriarch 

 of the seceding Armenians (resigned in 1869) ; 

 0. Varthalites, Civil Chief of the Latins ; Clem- 

 ents, Civil Patriarch of the Greeks ; Hassoun, 

 Patriarch of the Armenians, and Takir, Grand 

 Rabbi of the Israelites. 



The army is divided into six grand corps, 

 each under the command of a field-marshal 

 (mouchir). The first of these is the Imperial 

 Guard at Constantinople, commanded by Oiner 



