BRAZIL. 



83 



practice in Maiyland. But he was soon seized 

 with a longing to return to Louisiana, and, 

 embarking on a flat-boat, in 1811, descended 

 the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Soon after 

 his arrival in Louisiana, he was appointed 

 Deputy Attorney-General of the Territory of 

 Orleans, before it was made a State. At the 

 age of twenty-eight, he was appointed District 

 Judge, and, the better to qualify himself for 

 his high office, mastered perfectly the Spanish 

 language. Sympathizing earnestly with the 

 measures of Clay, Brackenridge exerted a vig- 

 orous pen in defence of that statesman's views 

 on the South American republics and kindred 

 questions. He wrote a history of the War of 1812, 

 a short time after its conclusion, which was soon 

 after translated into French and Italian. Over 

 the signature of "American," he addressed to 

 President Monroe a remarkable pamphlet on 

 nationalities, which, being republished in Eng- 

 land, came under the notice of the Spanish 

 minister, who at once replied to it. In 1817 

 he was appointed commissioner to the South 

 American republics, and, on his return, pub- 

 lished the " Voyage to South America " allud- 

 ed to by Humboldt as containing an "ex- 

 traordinary mass of information." In 1821 

 Brackenridge lent his great abilities to General 

 Jackson, in Florida, where his linguistic ac- 

 quirements came well into play. This special 

 service ended, he was again appointed Judge 

 of the Western District of Florida, and, after 

 ten years' service, removed to his birthplace, 

 Pittsburg, where he entered earnestly into a 

 political career ; was, in 1840, elected to Con- 

 gress, but, for some reason, never took his 

 seat, and, the next year, was appointed a com- 

 missioner under the treaty with Mexico. The 

 rest of his life was mainly devoted to writing, 

 chiefly of a political character, his ablest essay 

 of this period being "A History of the Western 

 Insurrection," known as the "Whiskey Insur- 

 rection," which is considered a standard work. 

 BRAZIL, an empire in South America. Em- 

 peror, Pedro II., born December 2, 1825 ; suc- 

 ceeded his father, April 7, 1831. His daughter 

 Isabella is married to the Count d'Eu, son of 

 the Duke de Nemours. The second daughter, 

 Leopoldina, married to Duke Augustus of 

 Saxe-Coburg Gotha, died on February 7, 1871 ; 

 eldest son of the latter, Pedro, born March 19, 

 1866. The ministry, appointed on March 8, 

 1871, consisted of Senator Visconde Paranhos 

 de Rio Branco, President of the Ministry and 

 Minister of Finances; Dr. F. A. Correa de 

 Oliveira, Minister of the Interior; Senator 

 Fr. de P. de Negreiras Sayao Lobato, Minister 

 of Justice ; Dr. M. Fr. Correa, Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs ; Dr. M. A. D. de Azevedo, Min- 

 ister of the Navy ; Dr. F. M. F. Pereira da 

 Silva, Minister of Public Works, Commerce, 

 and Agriculture. On May 23d Senator Ja- 

 guaribe was appointed Minister of War. 

 Area, 3,231,000 square miles. The population 

 was estimated, in a work published in 1867, 

 by order of the Government, at 11,780,000, of 



whom 500,000 were Indians ; by E. J. Paken- 

 ham, secretary of the British legation at Rio 

 de Janeiro, at 9,858,000, exclusive of 200,000. 

 Prof. E. Wappaus, of Gottingen, who is re- 

 garded as one of the best living authorities on 

 Brazilian affairs, expresses, in a recent statis- 

 tical work on Brazil ("Handbuch der Geo- 

 graphie und Statistik von Brasilien," Leipsic, 

 1871), the opinion that the population of the 

 empire is nearer seven than eleven millions, 

 and that the number of whites is inferior to 

 that of the slaves. The negroes are the most 

 numerous of the unmixed races, but the largest 

 portion of the population is of mixed blood. 

 The population of the largest cities is as fol- 

 lows: 



Rio de Janeiro . . . 420,000 



Bahia (1861) 152,000 



Pernambuco 90,000 to 100,000 



Maranhas 30,000 



Para 25,000 



Porto Allegre 20,000 to 24,000 



Sao Paulo 20,000 



Sao Pedro 18,000 to 19,000 



Cara (Fortaleza) 16,000 



Parahiba 12,000 to 14,000 



According to the " Statistical Tables relat- 

 ing to Foreign Countries," part xii. (London, 

 1870), the financial condition of the empire, 

 from 1866 to 1869, was as follows : 



1866-1867 . . . 

 1867-1868 . . . 

 1868-1869... 



Total... 



Regular Receipts. 



64,776,844 

 71,612,194 

 86,937,127 



Expenditures. 



122,406,738 

 170,759,745 

 156,837,345 



Deficits. 



Milreis. 

 57,629,894 

 99,147,551 

 69,900,218 



226,677,663 



The deficits caused by the war with Para- 

 guay were met by an increase of the public 

 debt, and chiefly by the issue of paper-money. 



In the budget of 1869-'70, the receipts and 

 expenditures were fixed as follows: 



KECEIPTS. Milreis. 



1. Import duties 39,856,300 



2. Navigation duties 370,000 



3. Export duties 13,788,700 



4. Interior: 



Interest on railroad shares 90,400 



Profits on the Dom Pedro Railroad 2,500,000 



Post-Office 530,000 



Sundry State Institutes 542,436 



Stamp-tax 2,950,000 



Mutation-tax 2,750,000 



Tax on stores 1,250,000 



Tax on lotteries 1,595,994 



Sundry taxes 763,000 



Fees 694,000 



Slave-tax 516,000 



State assets 480,000 



Miscellaneous 431,120 



5. From the municipality of the capital : 



Proceeds of domains 1,580,000 



Consumption of liquors and of cattle 423,000 



Miscellaneous 87,600 



Extraordinary receipts 1,791,450 



Deposits 4,631,950 



Total 77,611,950 



EXPENDITUKES. 



1. Ministry of the Interior : Milreis. 



CM vil list and appanages 1,378,000 



Chambers 727,000 



Supreme administration 439,890 



Worship 1,106,670 



Instruction, Science 976,895 



Other expenditures 304,511 



