252 



DENMARK. 



DIAMONDS 



inclusive of 7 iron-clads, -with ar. aggregate of 

 313 guns, 2 sailing-vessels, 8 gunboats, and 21 

 transports. 



The imports in the year 1869-'70 amounted 

 to 18,280,000 hundred-weight; the exports, to 

 8,220,000 hundred-weight. 



The emigration from Copenhagen has been 

 developed only during the last few years. In 

 18G9 it amounted to 12,141 persons (against 

 5,000 in the year 1868) ; among the former, 

 4,360 emigrants were Danes, while 6,514 were 

 Swedes, etc. In 1870 the number of emigrants 

 was 7,844, of whom 3,525 were Danes. The 

 emigrants, with few exceptions, were bound 

 for the United States. 



The movement of shipping from 1868 to 

 1870 was as follows : 



The merchant navy, exclusive of vessels of 

 less than four tons : ve^i*. Tons. 



1868 2.770 174,348 



1869 2,842 178,504 



1870 2,808 178,640 



The railroads in operation in 1870 numbered 

 415.7 miles. The length of the telegraph-lines 

 in 1869 amounted to 1,214.86 miles, while the 

 length of the wires was 3,268.3 miles. Num- 

 ber of telegraph-offices, 89 ; number of inter- 

 nal telegrams, 186,979; foreign telegrams, 160,- 

 697; telegrams passing through the country, 

 61,491: in all, 409,167. 



A great change has commenced in the 

 sentiments entertained by the Danish people 

 with regard to Germany. Hitherto all politi- 

 cal parties have favored a close alliance with 

 France against Germany, for the purpose of 

 recovering the northern (Danish) part of 

 Schleswig. In 1871 several remarkable pam- 

 phlets were published, earnestly advocating 

 the abandonment of this policy, and even ad- 

 vising the Danish people to seek an alliance 

 with Germany. The pamphlet which attracted 

 the greatest attention was one written by J. 

 H. Bagger, a procurator of the Supreme Court 

 ( " Zeitbetrachtungen uber Dauemark und 

 Deutschland," Bremen, 1871). The author 

 says : " It is evident that in future Denmark 

 must look for its support to no other place 

 than Berlin. I know this harsh word will 

 offend the sensibilities of many thousands of 

 my fellow-citizens, but this shall not hinder 

 me openly to declare what I believe to be right 

 and true." lie undertakes to prove two points : 

 1. That the traditional alliance with France 

 has never been for Denmark a blessing, but al- 

 ways a calamity, and that no other result can 

 be expected from any future combination, 

 however favorable. 2. That whatever Den- 

 mark in future may hope for or aim at, can be 

 attained only by continuing on good terms 

 with the powerful German Empire, and ad- 



hering to the modesty which does not plan 01 

 undertake any thing for which her resources 

 are not sufficient. " Whosoever," he continues, 

 u will learn from history, ought to know that 

 the Danes belong to the same race as the Ger- 

 mans, namely, the Gotho-Germanic. The re- 

 lationship may every day be traced in lan- 

 guage, customs, natural disposition, and has 

 never failed to show itself in past centuries, 

 especially in the circumstance that Denmark, 

 and through her the North in general, has de- 

 rived the main portion of its civilization from 

 Germany." In view of the power of Ger- 

 many, the author advises the Government to 

 reduce its military and naval budget, as, from 

 the heavy annual expenses which are now 

 made every year for the army and the navy, 

 no result can be expected except the bank- 

 ruptcy of the state. Honest peace and friend- 

 ship with the German Empire must henceforth 

 be the guiding principle of the foreign policy 

 of Denmark. Not to be effaced from the map 

 of Europe must be the chief aim of the Dan- 

 ish people, and, to accomplish this, the Danes 

 would do well to be contented if they arc 

 permitted to live in peaceful retirement. 



The Danish branch of the International So- 

 ciety was fully organized in 1871. It then 

 numbered about 1,500 members. Its chief or- 

 gan, Socialisten, had about 3,000 subscribers.* 



DIAMONDS. Prof, von Jeremejew, of St. 

 Petersburg, announces the discovery of dia- 

 monds in great abundance, but of microscopic 

 dimensions, in xanthophyllite, a rock occur- 

 ring exclusively in the Schischimskinu Moun- 

 tains, in the Urals. For a long time he had 

 made foliated minerals a special object of 

 study, and on directing his attention to xan- 

 thophyllite he found that it enclosed crystals 

 which in form, by brilliancy of color, and 

 marked convexity of crystal faces, reminded 

 him of the diamond. On being burnt in oxy- 

 gen, it was rendered certain that free carbon 

 was present in the mineral. Every precaution 

 was taken to remove carbonates, carbonic 

 acid, or hydrocarbons, that might possibly bo 

 associated with it. The diamonds are very 

 irregularly distributed through the rock; at 

 one spot being in large numbers, at another 

 wholly wanting, the color of the mineral 

 forming a good test of the relative quantity. 

 Xanthophyllite is most generally yellow, but 

 sometimes colorless, brown, gray, or green. 

 It is in the green variety that the most dia- 

 monds occur, and especially when the mineral 

 is found in contact with the steatite or talcose 

 slate. Both the latter likewise enclose micro- 

 scopic diamonds, but less distinct and numer- 

 ous than those in the xanthophyllite. When 

 these diamonds are magnified 30 diameters, 

 they are readily recognizable, and with 200 

 diameters thuir crystalline form is seen to be 

 that of the hexatetrahedron, combined with 

 the tetrahedron, the faces of the first form 



* See INTERNATIONAL SOCIETT. 



