GERMAN-FKENCH WAR. 



363 



ernment might be expected. The situation of 

 the French Government, in consequence of the 

 revolution in Paris, was so critical, that it did 

 not dare to resist the pressure brought upon it 

 by Bismarck. A conference between Bismarck 

 and Jules Favre was arranged at Frankfort-on- 

 the-Main, which began on May 6th, and in 

 which, on the side of the Germans, Count 

 Arnim, and, on the French side, the Minister 

 of Finance, Pouyer-Quertier, and the Deputy 

 Goulard, took part. On May 10th the con- 

 troverted points had been settled, and the defi- 

 nite peace was concluded. The Emperor Wil- 

 liam ratified the peace on May 16th ; the Na- 

 tional Assembly of France, by a vote of 440 

 against 98, on May 18th. On May 20th the 

 ratifications were exchanged at Frankfort, be- 

 tween Bismarck and Favre. On the following 

 days, negotiations were resumed concerning 

 the execution of several conditions, in particu- 

 lar, on the payment of indemnification, which 

 was definitely arranged by a treaty concluded 

 on May 21st. 



The North-German standing army, during 

 the war, numbered 376,832 infantry; 47,500 

 cavalry; 50,300 artillery, and 34,000 men be- 

 longing to the train. Adding the staffs and 

 the non-combatants, the whole strength of the 

 army amounted to 552,000. The reserve troops 

 which were called out amounted to 187,274 

 men ; the landwehr to 205,054 men. The 

 landwehr was in the first place to be employed 

 for garrisoning the fortresses ; but a large por- 

 tion of them took an active part in the war. In 

 all, Northern Germany sent to the war 945,000 

 men ; the South-German States furnished a 

 contingent of 180,000 men, thus swelling the 

 total army of the German Empire to 1,125,000 

 men, with 2,088 pieces of ordnance. The 

 French army, entering the war, consisted -of 

 350,000 men, of whom 262,000 belonged to the 

 infantry, 38,000 to the cavalry, and 37,000 to 

 the artillery. The reserve troops which were 

 collected at the so-called depots, and which 

 were to fill up the gaps in the army, numbered 

 92,500 men ; the army, with the reserve, em- 

 braced 442,500 combatants, with 984 pieces 

 of ordnance and 150 mitrailleuses. After the 

 larger portion of the French army had been 

 taken prisoners and sent into Germany, all 

 Frenchmen capable of bearing arms were called 

 out for the defence of the country. Adding 

 these new to the original armies, it is believed 

 that the aggregate of the French troops in the 

 field was not inferior to that of Germany. As 

 regards the French prisoners who were taken 

 to Germany, they numbered, on February 19th, 

 1871, according to a list made out by the Prus- 

 sian Ministry of War, 383,841 men, of whom 

 11,860 were lieutenants, 177 colonels, 147 gen- 

 erals, and three marshals. (For the treaty 

 which was concluded, see PUBLIC DOCUMENTS.) 



Frederick William, the Crown-Prince of 

 the German Empire, was born October 18, 1831. 

 His first actual military service was in the 

 German-Danish War of 1864. In the Prusso- 



Austrian War of 1866, he commanded the Sec- 

 ond Army, and undertook the most arduous 

 task of the campaign. It was his duty to 

 conduct his army from Silesia into Bohemia, 

 through a region full of obstacles and dangers. 

 In this march he developed remarkable cir- 

 cumspection and strategical skill. His bearing 

 at the battle of Koniggratz was very credit- 

 able. For his execution of the rapid advance 

 from Konigshof to Ehlum he was given the 

 order of merit on the battle-field. In the 

 Franco-German War he was assigned the com- 

 mand of the Fifth, Sixth, and Eleventh North- 

 German Corps, and the troops of the South- 

 German States, and took part in most of the 

 leading engagements, from Weissenburg and 

 Worth to the close of the war. 



Prince Frederick Charles, the only son of 

 Prince Charles, was born March 20, 1828. 

 From youth he was chiefly interested in mili- 

 tary affairs. When twenty years old he went 

 into the field in Schleswig, and displayed 

 great personal bravery at the storming of the 

 Danewerck, and in the battle of Diippel. He 

 served as major on the staff of his uncle, King 

 William, in the campaign in Baden, in 1849. 

 On the death of Frederick William IV., he 

 was made lieutenant-general. He was a de- 

 cided adherent of the feudal party, but re- 

 frained from the exercise of political influence. 

 A paper composed by him on the military art 

 of the French, which was not designed for the 

 press, but which was indiscreetly published at 

 Frankfort, attracted much attention, and ex- 

 cited a lively discussion. It showed him to be 

 well informed in public affairs, and a clear and 

 sharp critic. When the army was reorganized, 

 Frederick Charles became general of cavalry 

 and chief of the corps of Brandenburgers. 

 He assumed a leading part in the campaign 

 of 1864 against Denmark. In the summer of 

 1866 he commanded the First Army. He held 

 the chief command of the united armies in the 

 battle of Podol, on the 28th of June ; defeated 

 the Austrian General Clam-Gallas at Miinchen- 

 Gratz, took Gitschin, and participated promi- 

 nently in the decisive battle of Koniggratz. 



At the beginning of the war with France, 

 Prince Frederick Charles was given the com- 

 mand of the Centre, or Second Army, embra- 

 cing the Guards, and the Second, Third, Fourth, 

 Tenth, and Twelfth Army Corps of North Ger- 

 many. He served with great distinction to 

 himself and his country throughout the war. 

 The parts he took in the different engagements 

 are fully described in the historical part of 

 this article, and in the article " German-French 

 War," in the ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1870. 



Von Holtke, Count Helmuth, was born 

 October 26, 1800, at Parchim, Mecklenburg- 

 Schwerin. His father, who was at the time 

 of his death a general in the Danish ser- 

 vice, gave him his first instruction. He after- 

 ward pursued his military studies in the Ca- 

 dets' Institution at Copenhagen. In 1818 he 

 was a page at the Danish royal court, in 1819 



