384 



HOWARD, JACOB M. 



HUNGARY. 



had been many years of intimate friendship, 

 when he was stricken by apoplexy, and died 

 without a moment of suffering. Like most 

 men who are truly great, Dr. Holbrook was 

 unassuming iu his manners, and never mani- 

 fested any consciousness of his gifts and his 

 powers. A true lover of science, lie wrought 

 quietly, skilfully and successfully, for the sake 

 of science. His reputation as a naturalist, 

 which was deservedly high among all his pro- 

 fessional brethren in this country, was even 

 higher abroad, among the European natu- 

 ralists, with whom he had corresponded con- 

 stantly for fifty years. 



HOWARD, JACOB MERRITT, LL. D., an 

 American Senator and statesman, born in 

 Shaftsbury, Vt., July 10, 1805 ; died at Detroit, 

 Mich., April 2, 1871. He received his early 

 education at the academies of Bennington and 

 Brattleboro, and thence entered Williams Col- 

 lege, and, aiding himself by teaching, graduated 

 with honor in 1830. Upon leaving college he 

 studied law, and removed, in 1832, to Detroit, 

 in the then Territory of Michigan, where he 

 continued his legal studies, and was admitted 

 to the Detroit bar in 1833, where he at once 

 took high rank. In 1838 he was sent to the 

 new State Legislature, and in 1840 elected 

 a member of the Twenty-seventh Congress. 

 In 1854 he was chosen Attorney-General of 

 Michigan, from which office he was elected 

 to the United States Senate in January, 1862, 

 to fill the unexpired term of Kinsley S. 

 Bingham, deceased. Aside from his active 

 participation in the war measures of the ses- 

 sion, Senator Howard found Lime to carry for- 

 ward a great achievement of peace. He was 

 made chairman of the Special Committee of 

 the Senate on the Pacific Railroad, and by his 

 speeches and reports aroused the country to 

 the practicability and vast importance of the 

 design. At the end of his term, in 1865, he 

 was reflected for six years, which expired on 

 March 4, 1871. Mr. Howard was a good and 

 accurate scholar, and, though not ambitious 

 of literary distinction, possessed decided ability 

 as a writer. In 1848 he published a trans- 

 lation from the French of the "Secret Me- 

 moirs of the Empress Josephine," in two 

 volumes, which was very well received. His 

 reports and speeches on the Pacific Railroad 

 gave evidence not only of a thorough and 

 careful investigation of the subject in all its 

 bearings, but were eloquent and convincing in 

 regard to its necessity, and, but for his in- 

 domitable energy and zeal, it might yet have 

 been an unaccomplished project. He died 

 within less than a month after the close of his 

 senatorial career, literally from overwork. 



HUDSON", GEORGE, the "Railway-king," an 

 enterprising speculator and railway-manager 

 in England, born at York, in 1801 ; died in 

 London, December 14, 1871. He was known 

 as an enterprising business-man, and had ac- 

 cumulated a moderate fortune as a linen-draper 

 in York, when the completion of the London 



& Birmingham, and other railways, by Georgo 

 Stephenson, and the progress made in the 

 United States in railway construction, began to 

 attract the attention of business-men and cap- 

 italists to this as a profitable business. Mr. 

 Hudson made himself thoroughly familiar with 

 the whole subject of railway construction, and 

 with a fine presence, a natural eloquence and 

 fluency, and no lack of confidence, he soon 

 came to be regarded as an oracle in railway 

 matters. He was elected, in 1840, chair- 

 man of the North Midland Railway Company, 

 and his management was very successful. He 

 was at once by popular acclaim 'made dictator 

 of railway speculation ; was elected for three 

 successive terms Mayor of York, and was so- 

 licited on all hands to take part in the hun- 

 dreds of railway schemes projected by specula- 

 tors, and in most cases consented. For some 

 years, whatever he touched turned to gold. 

 He was said to have made $500,000 in one 

 day; the electors of Sunderland sent him to 

 Parliament in 1844, and kept him there till 

 1859 ; his acquaintance was courted by persons 

 of the highest rank, and $125,000 subscribed 

 to erect a colossal statue to him, but the 

 bubble burst before the money was collected. 

 In 1846 be was reputed one of the wealthiest 

 men in England, owned large estates, and was 

 the most popular man in Great Britain. But 

 in 1848 his power began to wane. The con- 

 dition of the Eastern Counties Railway, of 

 which he had been the head, was rigidly in- 

 vestigated; it was found that the accounts had 

 been "cooked;" matters "had been made 

 pleasant ; " the dividends had been paid out 

 of the capital ; and suspicion was at once 

 awakened in regard to other railways with 

 which he was connected. The result was, his 

 complete ruin. His immense property was 

 swept away, and he was so beset with lawsuits 

 that for some years he was compelled to reside 

 abroad, and his friends secured to him an an- 

 nuity. He came back to London only to die. 



HUNGARY, a country of Europe, formerly 

 an independent kingdom, now united with 

 Austria under one sovereign, but separated 

 from it in point of administration.* The sepa- 

 rate budget of the Hungarian crown-lands, 

 consisting of Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, 

 Transylvania, and the Military Frontier, also 

 designated as the trans-Leithan provinces, 

 shows a total revenue, for 1871, of 159,136,536, 

 against an expenditure of 197,126,520 florins. 



The Hungarian Diet consists of the Body of 

 Magnates and the Body of Deputies. The 

 Body of Magnates in 1871 was composed of 

 3 imperial princes, 31 archbishops and bishops, 

 11 imperial barons, 57 counts, 3 princes, 81 

 barons, 2 Croato - Slavonic deputies, and 3 

 Transylvanian "regalists." The Body of Dep- 

 uties is composed of 88 deputies of towns, 289 

 deputies of counties and districts, 32 deputies 



* For statistics of the population and common finances 

 of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, see article AUSTRIA. 



