414 INTERNATIONALE, THE. 



IOWA. 



numbers, and extended greatly throughout 

 England, France, Germany, and Spain, the 

 members in the latter country also taking an 

 active interest in political events. There are 

 no official statistics of the members in Europe, 

 but the society itself estimates their number 

 at over two millions. They are scattered over 

 all the countries of Europe, and sections exist 

 in the French colonies, in Algiers, and on the 

 island of Guadeloupe. The society has gained 

 many adherents in the United States from 

 1870-'7l, and twenty-seven different sections 

 have been established in the cities of New 

 York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Vineland (New 

 Jersey), Newark,"Washington, Chicago, Spring- 

 field (Illinois), Boston, St. Louis, New Orleans, 

 and San Francisco. Most of the sections are 

 in the city of New York, and they divide 

 themselves, according to their nationalities, 

 into Germans, Frenchmen, Anglo-Americans, 

 Englishmen, and Irishmen ; other sections are 

 about to be formed. The American centre of 

 the society is the Central Committee in New 

 York, which meets twice a month, and which 

 stands in direct communication with the Lon- 

 don General Council ; the individual sections 

 are represented by delegates. 



The sixth public Congress was appointed for 

 September, 1871, but was deferred on account 

 of the events of the late war, and merely a few 

 delegates from each country summoned to a 

 private and secret conference in London. 

 Twenty-six delegates were present at this con- 

 vention on the 17th of September, and among 

 them were three Germans, two Swiss, five 

 Belgians, one Spaniard, one Hungarian, one 

 Irishman, one Russian, and one Italian; the 

 rest were Frenchmen and Englishmen. In 

 the absence of a special delegate from the 

 United States, the corresponding secretary 

 for that country was empowered to vote for 

 the American sections. The object of the con- 

 ference was the discussion of certain pressing 

 matters, proceeding from the state of affairs; 

 but, as they had not the authority of a congress, 

 and could make no new laws, the delegates 

 confined themselves to a consultation concern- 

 ing operations and organization within the 

 limits of the existing rules. Resolutions were 

 formed for the purpose of effecting a more 

 punctual payment of the yearly due of two 

 cents, and it was further determined that an 

 address should be presented to the workmen 

 and women of France, inviting them to be- 

 come members of the International, but, at 

 the same time, forbidding the formation of 

 secret societies; a like intimation was to be 

 extended to the workmen and academical 

 youth of Russia. The delegates expressed their 

 disapprobation of all secret societies and con- 

 spiracies. Two Frenchmen touched upon the 

 Solitical question, thus giving rise to a long 

 ebate, in which Charles Marx took an active 

 part, and which finally led to the resolution 

 that the International should henceforth oc- 

 cupy a prominent position in politics. An 



address was to be published, to this effect, in 

 three languages. No decision was to be made 

 in regard to the place of the next congress. 



The following journals represent the inter- 

 ests of the International : Le Droit, in Charle- 

 roi, Belgium ; V Internationale, and La Liber- 

 te, in Brussels; Les Cahiers du Travail and 

 Mirdbeau, in Verniers ; Republicain des Alpes, 

 in the Alpine region of France; La Reforme 

 Sociale, in Rouen ; La Solidarite, in La Chaux- 

 de-Fond; figalite, in Geneva; Solidarite, in 

 Neufchatel, Switzerland; Toelcmoost, Werlcer, 

 and De Vreyheid- Orgaan van het Voile, in Hol- 

 land; Federacion Solidaridad, Justicia Social, 

 El Hombre, and Revolution Social, in Spain ; El 

 Olero, on the island of Majorca; Radenck, in 

 Belgrade; Vorlote, in Geneva; Tagwacht, in 

 Zurich; Gruetlianer, in Switzerland; Fellei- 

 sen, in Zurich; Volkswille, in Vienna; Prole- 

 tarier, in Augsburg; Vollcsstaat, in Leipsic; 

 Neuer Socialdemolcrat, in Berlin ; Buerger-und 

 Bauernfreund, in Crimmitzschau ; FreiePresse, 

 in Chemnitz; Volksfreund, in Braunschweig; 

 Volksbote, in Dresden ; and Cosmopolitan and 

 Le Socialiste, in New York. 



IOWA. Iowa is mainly an agricultural 

 State, and much interest and enterprise are 

 shown in devising and carrying into effect the 

 best methods of developing its natural re- 

 sources. There is an Agricultural Association 

 and a Horticultural Association which hold 

 annual conventions, and have fairs for the 

 exhibition of products. Much is done also to 

 attract settlers to the State. Grants of public 

 land to the State for internal improvements 

 and other purposes amount to 7,282,835 acres. 

 A large portion of this territory remains undis- 

 posed of. The State Board of Immigration has 

 prepared and circulated, in various languages, 

 a large number of pamphlets, setting forth the 

 advantages and attractions of the State, and 

 liberal responses are anticipated in the shape 

 of thrifty and industrious settlers from various 

 countries in Europe. 



The finances of the State are in an excep- 

 tionally good condition. The entire debt, ex- 

 clusive of the bonds issued to the school-fund, 

 is $300,000, which falls due in 1881, but will 

 probably be liquidated before that time. At 

 the beginning of the fiscal term of two years, 

 which ended on the 4th of November, 1871, 

 there was a surplus in the public Treasury of 

 $286,160.16, and the receipts during that time 

 amounted to $1,769,522.91. The expenditures 

 for the same period were $1,973,842.23, which 

 left a balance in the Treasury of $81,840.84. The 

 entire amount of money raised throughout the 

 State by taxation for general and local pur- 

 poses, in the year 1870, was $9,371,685.70, and 

 the total valuation of property upon which it 

 was based was about $300,000,000. The reve- 

 nue received from railroads during the fiscal 

 period of two years was $292,377.14, of which 

 $90,171.88 was retained in the State Treasury, 

 and the rest distributed to the counties through 

 which the roads run. The Federal Govern- 



