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LEROUX, PIERRE. 



in England and in Scotland," and " The Brit- 

 ish Isles and their Inhabitants, 1 ' in 1844; 

 " Travels in Denmark and in the Duchies of 

 Schleswig and Holstein," in 1846 ; "Remarks 

 on the Danish and German Nationalities and 

 Language -as found in Schleswig," in 1847; 

 " Travels in the Alps " (1849) ; " Travels in the 

 Netherlands" (1850); "Travels in Istria, Dal- 

 rnatia, and Montenegro," in 1851; "Travels 

 in Southeastern Germany" (1852). In 1854 

 he started for the United States, where he re- 

 mained four years, and wrote "Travels in 

 Canada," published in 1855 ; " Travels in the 

 Northwestern Parts of the United States," in 

 1857, and " Kitahi-Gamis, or Tales from Lake 

 Superior." In 1857 he contributed to the 

 Smithsonian Institution at Washington two 

 treatises on the maps and charts of the New 

 "World at different periods, and wrote as a sup- 

 plemental volume to Hakluyt's great work, a 

 descriptive catalogue of all maps, charts, and 

 surveys, relating to America. In 1861 he pub- 



lished a "History of, and Commentary on, Two 

 Maps of the New World, made in Spain at the 

 Commencement of the Reign of the Emperor 

 Charles V.," and the same year, "A History 

 of the Discovery of America." Dr. Kohl had 

 also made important contributions to other 

 departments of science; among these were: 

 "Influence of Climate upon Man" (1841); 

 "The Rhine" (1851), and "The Danube" 

 (1853) ; two very able geographical and his- 

 torical essays : " Sketches of the Life of Nature 

 and of Nation's" (1851); "My Cabins" (1852). 

 He had also delivered many addresses before 

 learned societies. His residence, after his re- 

 turn from the United States, was in Bremen. 

 He had formed a very strong friendship for 

 the American people, and only a few weeks 

 before his death communicated to the Maine 

 Historical Society a paper giving important, 

 and hitherto unknown facts in relation to the 

 early coast-lines, and the patents of the first 

 proprietors of the Maine settlements. 



LEROUX, PIEEEE, a French philosopher 

 and political economist, born in Paris, in 1798 ; 

 died there, April 12, 1871. He was educated 

 at the Charlemagne Lyceum, and at Rennes, 

 but, owing to the financial misfortunes of his 

 father, returned to Paris before his studies 

 were quite completed, and, after some delay, 

 obtained employment first as a compositor, 

 and afterward as a proof-reader in a printing- 

 office. In 1824 he joined an old fellow-stu- 

 dent, M. Dubois, in founding the Globe news- 

 paper. Here he had, for associate editors and 

 correspondents, the Duke de Broglie and MM. 

 Guizot, Cousin, Jouffroy, and others. In Jan- 

 uary, 1831, he avowed himself one of the dis- 

 ciples of St. Simon, and soon succeeded in 

 making the Globe the organ of the new party. 

 He was a regular attendant upon the meetings 

 of the Community (which, it may be said, in 

 passing, contained at that time in its member- 

 ship a large proportion of the most intellectual 

 men in France) until November, 1831. Soon 

 after the death of St. Simon, the Pe"re Enfan- 

 tin, who claimed to be his successor, broached 

 some new doctrines which were offensive to 

 many of the members. These related to the 

 emancipation of women from the marriage-tie, 

 and to a double priesthood, of which Enfantin 

 was to be the masculine, and a beautiful and 

 accomplished woman, yet to be discovered, the 

 feminine priest. On the announcement of 

 these doctrines, and several others nearly as ob- 

 jectionable, Pierre Leroux, Bazard, and other 

 members protested, and withdrew from the 

 Community. Without having abandoned his 

 faith in the original St. Simonianism, M. Leroux 

 now devoted himself with great assiduity to 

 literary labor. He was for some time director 

 and editor of the Revue Encyclopedique, but, 



this not proving very successful, he found- 

 ed, with M. Jean Reynaud, the Encyclopedic 

 Nouvelle, a work of real value, to which he 

 contributed many admirable articles, but which, 

 after the completion of several volumes, was 

 unfortunately given up. He had been for some 

 time a contributor to the Revue des Deux 

 Mondes, which had been regarded for three 

 years as a fair exponent of democratic ideas ; 

 but, finding satisfactory evidence that it had 

 been subsidized by the Government of Louis 

 Philippe, M. Leroux abandoned it in 1841, and 

 started the Revue Independante, having as as- 

 sociates M. Louis Viardot, the husband of Ma- 

 dame Garcia, and Madame George Sand. This 

 was maintained with a fair degree of success 

 for several years, and most of his articles in 

 it, as well as some of those published previous- 

 ly in the Revue des Deux Mondes, attracted so 

 much attention as to be republished separately. 

 Among these were : " Refutation de Vficlec- 

 tisme" (1839); "Mutilation tfun Ecrit Pos- 

 thume de Theodore Jouffroy " (1843). In 1839 

 M. Leroux had published his well-known trea- 

 tise, the ablest production from his pen, " De 

 V Humanite, de son Principe, et de son Avenir" 

 It is his most characteristic production, and 

 from it we can best understand the views 

 entertained by the author on man and man's 

 relations with the rest of the created world. 

 The fundamental idea of the whole system 

 is a kind of trinity, or rather tripVwity, 

 which exist both in God and in us. God is 

 power, intelligence, and love; the three cor- 

 responding elements in our nature are sensa- 

 tion, sentiment, and knowledge. We must ob- 

 serve, further, that this triplicity is not pecul- 

 iar to ourselves; it constitutes the general 

 law from Avhich the world derives. Man's life 



