LITEEATUEE, CONTINENTAL, IN 1871. 



459 



sea, Divinity Professor of the University of 

 Copenhagen, has had a large share. Theologi- 

 cal literature is represented by several news- 

 papers and periodicals, without any one of 

 them, however, commanding a markedly pre- 

 ponderating influence beyond the rest. We 

 may mention " Tidsskrift for udenlandsk theo- 

 logisk Literatur" ("Eeview of Foreign Theo- 

 logical Literature "), which for a long series of 

 years has been conducted by Prof. H. A. 

 Clausen, the leader of the movement in Den- 

 mark which aims at placing theology on a 

 rationalistic-scientific footing. Of similar ten- 

 dency are "Christelig Ethik" ("Christian 

 Ethics "), by Bishop Martensen, and a collec- 

 tion of " Prcedikener " ("Sermons"), by D. G. 

 Monrad, formerly Bishop of Laaland, afterward 

 Premier of Denmark, then a voluntary exile in 

 New Zealand, and now again bishop in his for- 

 mer diocese. There are chiefly two other cur- 

 rents of theological opinion which deserve at- 

 tention. The one is the old Lutheran school, 

 which acknowledges Grundtvig as its chief 

 prophet, and endeavors by strenuous efforts to 

 give the teaching of the Church a popular, es- 

 sentially Danish, turn. This movement, the 

 adherents of which style themselves Q-rundt- 

 vigiam, gains in power every year, and has, 

 especially owing to the establishment of free 

 schools, the so-called Folkehoiskoler^ about the 

 country, taken a firm hold of the minds of the 

 lower classes of the rural population. Of theo- 

 logical works in this direction we may mention 

 an exegetical interpretation of the four Gos- 

 pels, by Pastor K. F. Viborg; Prof. Ham- 

 merich's Ecclesiastical History, still in prog- 

 ress; and "Haandbog til daglig Husandagt" 

 (" Manual for Daily Home Devotion "), by Pas- 

 tor W. Birkedal. The other current of theolo- 

 gical opinion is the so-called New Eationalism, 

 better known in America as Unitarianism. A 

 remarkable work belonging to this school has 

 lately appeared from the pen of Magnus Eiriks- 

 son, under the title of "Paul and. Christ. 1 ' 



In the department of philosophy two lesser 

 publications are of interest, both treating on 

 the philosophy of the ancient Greeks, one by 

 Lund and one by Christensen. 



Among the various periodicals devoted to 

 history and geography, not one attempts the 

 scientific treatment of general historical ques- 

 tions. Among original writings on the history 

 of Denmark, or on certain detached periods 

 thereof, we call attention to the following : a 

 series of treatises by Jorgensen, "Bidrag til 

 Nordens Historic i Middelalderen " ("Contri- 

 butions to the History of the North in the 

 Middle Ages"), wherein certain periods of the 

 earlier history of Denmark are submitted to a 

 critical treatment ; to Eseder's historical work 

 on the " Sons of Svend Estriden ; " to u Studier 

 til Danmarks Historic i trettende Aarhund- 

 rede" ("Studies in the History of Denmark 

 in the Thirteenth Century "), by Paludan Mul- 

 ler, one of the greatest historians of Denmark 

 now living. Works of a more special character 



are a biography of Tycho Brahe, by Friis, and 

 some biographies by Bruun. Birkedal-Barfod 

 has written " The Life of Malte Conrad Bruun," 

 a political exile from Denmark about 1800. 



Among works on philological science which 

 have appeared this year, besides " Strobernserk- 

 ninger "(" Stray Notices"), and "Adversaria 

 Critica," by the celebrated Latin philologist, 

 Madvig, the chief interest attaches to some 

 writings on the orthography of the Danish 

 language, which at present is the occasion of 

 a great polemical warfare, not only in Den- 

 mark, but also in Sweden and Norway. The 

 Progressist party, as it styles itself, has taken 

 its stand by the principles of Eask and N. M. 

 Petersen as the basis of its operations ; and, at 

 a meeting held last year at Stockholm, several 

 fundamental rules were agreed upon for the 

 purpose of laying down a common foundation 

 for the orthography of the modern languages 

 of Scandinavia. These rules having now been 

 made public, men of such excellent philologi- 

 cal attainments as J. E. Eydqvist, of Stock- 

 holm, have raised their voices against them. 

 Others, again, restrict themselves to fixing 

 some fundamental principles on which to base 

 the spelling of the Danish language alone, 

 irrespective of a comparative system of Scan- 

 dinavian orthography. 



With the commencement of the year the 

 Government started an official Law Gazette 

 and an official Ministerial Gazette, both con- 

 taining the texts of all emanating laws and 

 ministerial resolutions and dispatches, besides 

 a number of statistical notices concerning 

 various institutions of the realm. 



A new Pharmacopoeia has been drawn up 

 for the regulation of the practice of the medi- 

 cal profession in the kingdom. 



The natural sciences have been represented 

 mostly by essays and treatises in various cur- 

 rent periodicals. Two works, however, of a 

 more ambitious scope, may be noted : Tuxen's 

 " Fremstilling af Stjernehimlen " ("Explana- 

 tion of the Starry Skies "), and Jensen Tuch's 

 "Fortegnelse over nordiske Plantenavne" 

 ("List of Northern Names of Plants"). Of 

 Mr. Darwin's " Origin of Species," a transla- 

 tion is now begun, under the title, " Natur- 

 livets Grundlove" ("The Fundamental Laws 

 of Life in Nature "). 



FRANCE. It would be most idle to seek for 

 literary lessons or intellectual models in the 

 publications of the latter months of 1870. 

 They are the fatal issue of a fatal era. 



"Histoires de la Commune" now form a 

 whole library; two of them, "The Seventy- 

 three Days of the Commune," by Catulle Men- 

 des, and the " Second Siege of Paris," by Lu- 

 dovic Hans, being works of great merit. The 

 first has been almost literally translated, and 

 incorporated, body and soul, with some ac- 

 knowledgment, in an English book, "Paris 

 under the Commune," with illustrations by 

 John Leighton. The French author of the 

 text, a poet and humorist, writes in the " Sen- 



