MICHIGAN. 



MILK. 



515 



Included in the census are 2 Chinese and 4,926 

 Indians. The tribal Indians are officially es- 

 timated at 3,175. The true value of property 

 was $719,208,118. The public debt, county, 

 city, town, etc., amounted to $4,340,203. The 

 aggregate value of farm-products, including 

 betterments and additions to stock, was 

 $81,508,623; 8,726,145 pounds of wool were 

 raised; 51,304 persons, ten years old and over, 

 cannot write, of whom 26,598 are males, and 

 24,706 are females. Of those twenty-one years 

 old and over who cannot write, 17,543 are 

 white males. 



The Legislature passed an act for the erec- 

 tion of a new Capitol building, and E. 0. Gros- 

 venor, James Shearer, and Alexander Chapa- 

 ton, were appointed building commissioners ; 

 $100,000 was appropriated, of which about 

 $20,000 was expended for temporary State 

 offices and plans. 



Upon the recommendation of Governor Bald- 

 win, the Legislature provided by law for the 

 creation of a board of commissioners for the 

 general supervision of charitable, penal, pau- 

 per, and reformatory institutions in the State. 

 A board, consisting of Charles I. Walker, Wil- 

 liam B. Williams, and Henry W. Lord, hav- 

 ing been appointed, they organized by electing 

 Charles I. Walker chairman, and Charles 

 M. Croswell secretary. Subsequently, a code 

 of by-laws was adopted, and the board actively 

 entered upon the work assigned to it. The 

 commissioners have the general oversight of 

 the State-prison, Reform School, House of 

 Correction, State and County Asylums for the 

 Insane, and the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, and 

 of the county jails and county poor-houses. 

 Their powers are solely of a visitorial charac- 

 ter, and are limited to inspection, investiga- 

 tion, and practical suggestions. They, or a 

 majority of them, with their secretary, are re- 

 quired, at least once in each year, to visit the 

 aforesaid State institutions, and, within the 

 same time, one of them, or their secretary, 

 shall visit and examine into the condition of 

 each of the county jails and county poor- 

 houses. They are to ascertain and report the 

 actual condition of the buildings, grounds, and 

 other property thereunto belonging, with the 

 government and discipline therein pursued ; 

 the method of instruction, the manner of keep- 

 ing records and accounts, the means of venti- 

 lating, warming, and lighting the buildings ; 

 the classification, cleanliness, diet, and general 

 health of the persons confined therein, the 

 financial condition, and all other facts pertain- 

 ing to the usefulness and proper management 

 of such institutions, which may come to the 

 knowledge of the commissioners. For the 

 purposes of this examination, they are entitled 

 to have free access, at any and all times, to 

 such institutions, and are authorized to ex- 

 amine, on oath, any person connected there- 

 with. They are to report in writing to the 

 Governor, on or before the first day of Octo- 

 ber, 1872, and in each second year thereafter, 



the result of their investigations, together 

 with such recommendations as they may deem 

 proper. If there shall come to their knowledge 

 any abusive treatment of the inmates of such 

 institutions, requiring immediate redress, they 

 shall forthwith report the same to the Gov- 

 ernor, and, whenever the Governor shall di- 

 rect, they shall make special investigation into 

 any alleged abuses. In addition to the before- 

 mentioned duties, they are required to collect 

 and thoroughly examine all the penal and 

 criminal laws of the State, and report the 

 same, with such revision, amendments, and 

 suggestions for the improvement thereof, as 

 they may deem necessary and expedient, to 

 the Governor, on or before the first day of 

 November, 1872. It will thus be seen that 

 the board has been created for the purpose of 

 gathering facts and information in reference 

 to the workings of the public institutions of 

 the State, and of the amount of good they are 

 accomplishing, with the view of securing, if 

 possible, a more uniform, efficient, and im- 

 proved system in the management thereof, and 

 of promoting such reforms as shall most effec- 

 tively conduce to diminish suffering and crime, 

 and accomplish the greatest good results in 

 the treatment of the dependent, diseased, and 

 criminal classes. 



MILK, ARTIFICIAL. M. Dubrunfant con- 

 tends that milk is simply an emulsion of neu- 

 tral fatty matter in a slightly alkaline liquid, 

 such as can be artificially imitated ; and that 

 the process of churning consists in hastening 

 the lactic fermentation, thereby acidifying the 

 serum of the milk, and at the same time ag- 

 glomerating the fatty matter which the acidity 

 sets free from its emulsion. He further con- 

 troverts the cellular theory, by showing that 

 the fat-globules of milk do not display any 

 double refraction, as do all organized mem- 

 branous tissues. 



Having thus examined the theoretical con- 

 stitution of milk, he proceeds to the practical 

 method of imitating it, and gives the follow- 

 ing directions: Add to half a pint of water, an 

 ounce and a half of saccharine material (cane- 

 sugar, glucose, or sugar of milk), one ounce of 

 dry albumen (made from white of eggs), and 

 20 or 30 grains of subcarbonate of soda. These 

 are to be agitated with an ounce or more of 

 olive-oil or other comestible fatty matter, until 

 they form an emulsion. This may be done 

 either with warm or cold water, but the tem- 

 perature of from 50 to 60 C. is recommend- 

 ed. The result is a pasty liquid, which, by 

 further admixture with its own bulk of water, 

 assumes the consistency and general appear- 

 ance of milk. 



Luxuriously-minded people, who prefer rich 

 cream to ordinary milk, can obtain it by doub- 

 ling the quantity of fatty matter, and substi- 

 tuting 30 or 40 grains of gelatine for the dry 

 albumen. The researches of Dumas and Fre"- 

 my having reinstated gelatine among the nitro- 

 genous alimentary materials, M. Dubrunfant 



