616 



PAPINEAU, LOUIS J. 



PARIS. 



Included in the census are 318 Indians. The 

 tribal Indians are officially estimated at 10,960. 

 The true value of property was $51,558,932. 

 The public debt, county, city, town, etc., 

 amounted to $111,903. The aggregate value 

 of farm-products, including betterments and 



additions to stock, was $7,122,790; 1,080,638 

 pounds of wool were raised ; 3,501 persons, 

 ten years old and over, cannot write, of whom 

 1,873 are males, and 1,628 are females. Of 

 those twenty-one years old and over who can- 

 not write, 1,085 are white males. 



PAPINEAU, Louis JOSEPH, a Canadian 

 statesman and political leader, born at Mont- 

 reaj, October, 1789 ; died at Montebello, Que- 

 bec, September 23, 1871. He was the son of 

 a notary public, who had been a member of 

 the first Legislative Assembly of the country 

 after the establishment of the constitution of 

 1791. Louis Joseph was educated at the Sem- 

 inary of Quebec, under the superintendence 

 of the Roman Catholic priests of that city. 

 Leaving college at the age of seventeen, he en- 

 tered upon the study of law, and was admitted 

 to the bar about the year 1812. His early in- 

 clinations led him to take a deep interest in 

 political affairs, and, while yet a student, he 

 was in 1809 elected a member of the Legisla- 

 tive Assembly for the county of Kent, after- 

 ward called Chambly. He soon succeeded 

 his father as one of the members from Mont- 

 real, and acquired such distinction that in 

 1817 he was chosen Speaker of the House. 

 His political opinions were of a radical charac- 

 ter, and he became the acknowledged leader 

 of a party which offered strong and formida- 

 ble opposition to the Government in the time 

 of Lord Dalhousie. Though strongly opposed 

 to the war with this country, finding it in- 

 evitable, he joined the militia and served as 

 captain until the restoration of peace. In 

 1820 Lord Dalhousie, then Governor-General, 

 sought to conciliate Papineau by appointing 

 him one of the Executive Council, but this con- 

 cession was not accepted, and he continued to 

 oppose the policy of the Government. In 

 1822, when the proposition for the union of 

 Upper and Lower Canada came up before the 

 Imperial Parliament, he was sent on a mission 

 to London to remonstrate against the measure. 

 In 1827 his reelection to the speakership of 

 the House so alarmed Lord Dalhousie that he 

 adjourned the Parliament ; but Papineau took 

 his seat in due time upon the accession of Sir 

 James Kempt as Governor-General in 1828. 

 He soon became more defiant than ever, and 

 excited the people and deputies of Lower Can- 

 ada to determined resistance to many Govern- 

 ment measures. He prepared the celebrated 

 92 resolutions, stating the grievances of his 

 countrymen. When, in 1837, the Imperial 

 Parliament undertook to seize upon the money 

 which the Lower Canada Assembly refused to 

 vote, to defray the expenses of the Government, 

 the rebellion followed, and Papineau at first 

 excited, but afterward endeavored to restrain 

 the popular indignation. The people took up 



arms, against his advice, but the Government 

 saw fit to issue a warrant for his arrest on a 

 charge of high-treason. He went into exile 

 in the United States, and in 1839 left for 

 France, where he spent eight years, chiefly in 

 Paris, in perfect quiet. After his return to 

 Canada he was elected to the United Parlia- 

 ment, and led the opposition against Lafon- 

 taine, who proved too strong for him. He 

 was totally opposed to the union, and never 

 ceased to demand its repeal. In 1854 he re- 

 tired to private life and the enjoyment of his 

 literary tastes, having previously received the 

 sum of 4,500=$22,500, as arrears of his sal- 

 ary as Speaker. Mr. Papineau was a man of 

 fine talents, highly cultivated mind, and cour- 

 teous and gentlemanly demeanor. 



PARIS. Food and Hygiene during the Siege, 

 The supply of animal food introduced inte 

 Paris, before the investment, consisted prin- 

 cipally of droves of sheep and oxen, but only a 

 small number of calves, since it would have 

 been necessary to appropriate for their sup- 

 port the milk, which was insufficient for the 

 wants of the besieged inhabitants. The sup- 

 ply of pigs was also scanty, the season having 

 been unfavorable. The animals thought fit to 

 endure the hardships of the situation were re- 

 served for the supply of fresh meat. Those 

 which the fatigue of travel or other causes 

 had rendered unpromising were immediately 

 slaughtered, and their flesh was submitted to 

 various methods of preservation. This task 

 was given to persons of long experience, who 

 conducted the necessary operations on an im- 

 mense scale. 



The Appert process, which for a long time 

 past has supplied the marine with salt pro- 

 visions that will keep for several years, was 

 extensively used. Better still were the ready- 

 prepared viands of Messrs. Ozouf and Couder, 

 the excellent quality of which was universally 

 acknowledged. However, for so large a popu- 

 lation, the authorities preferred preserving the 

 meat raw. To preserve the raw meat three 

 processes were employed. The first was sim- 

 ply salting such as is employed in seaport 

 towns for the use of the marine. M. Cornillet 

 organized special works near the slaughter- 

 houses of Grenelle for the application ^of the 

 salting process. Meat thus treated will last 

 long unchanged, but before cooking it must bo 

 thoroughly soaked, and even then it cannot be 

 considered as very nourishing. The process 

 of Mr. Wilson, an Irish inventor, consisted in 



