G92 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



RUSSIA. 



of November, in the Church of Trinita del 

 Monti, which, being under French protection, 

 rendered the ceremonial safe from interrup- 

 tion and insult. The others were consecrated 

 subsequently in other churches. No direct 

 communication took place between the new 

 bishops and the Government, the cathedral 

 chapters simply giving notice of the conse- 

 cration of the bishop. 



Shortly before this, October 4th, the heads 

 of the religious orders at Rome addressed a 

 memorandum to the representatives of the 

 foreign powers at Rome, protesting against 

 the seizure and confiscation of their houses, 

 libraries, and archives, as a violation of the 

 liberty of the Holy See in the government of 

 the Church. 



Addresses to the French Government from 

 the episcopate and clergy asked intervention 

 in behalf of the Pope, but the question was 

 adjourned from time to time, and no action 

 taken during the year 1871. 



The reverses which France sustained crip- 

 pled seriously the resources of the great mis- 

 sionary society, "The Association for the 

 Propagation of the Faith," and hampered 

 greatly the labors of the missionaries, although 

 the exertion made in other countries did 

 something to make up the loss. 



The St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society 

 of the Sacred Heart, established in England, 

 this year sent out the Rev. Herbert Vaughan, 

 with four missionaries, to labor among the 

 neglected colored people in the United States. 



Societies for cultivating a closer union among 

 Catholics were formed in various parts of Eu- 

 rope and America, and have increased rapidly 

 in numbers and importance. The Society of 

 Catholic Interests, and the Catholic Union, are 

 of this class. 



The great question of Catholic education has 

 been agitated in many countries. The arch- 

 bishops and bishops of Ireland, on the 21st of 

 October, 1871, issued a long and very carefully- 

 prepared pastoral letter, distinctly discussing 

 the whole question, and laying down fixed 

 rules. 



The Bible in use among English-speaking 

 Catholics, though commonly called the Douay, 

 was entirely different from the original Douay, 

 and had been so altered by different editors, that 

 it was far removed from that of Bishop Chal- 

 loner, on which all the modern Catholic Bibles 

 are based ; all editions were also disfigured by 

 typographical errors and omissions. A step 

 toward reformation was made by the issuing 

 of an edition in New York, early in 1871, re- 

 printing exactly Challoner's Bible, of 1750, 

 after a careful comparison with the Vulgate, 

 and correction of the typographical errors in 

 his original edition. 



The case of Louise Lataau, a peasant girl of 

 Bois d'Haine, in Belgium, bearing the stigmata 

 or marks of Christ's passion, was carefully ex- 

 amined by a physician, Dr. Lefebvre. His 

 published account attracted great attention, 



and led to discussions, not only in religious 

 periodicals, but in the Lancet, British Medical 

 Journal, Hammond's Quarterly Journal o t f 

 Psychological Medicine, and other professional 

 works. 



ROSSITER, THOMAS P., an American his- 

 torical painter, born in New Haven, Conn., 

 September 29, 1818; died at Cold Spring, on 

 the Hudson, N. Y., May 17, 1871. He early 

 developed a talent for painting, and was for 

 some time a pupil of Mr. G. Jocelyn. He 

 afterward visited Italy, and remained there 

 from 1840 to 1846, chiefly in Rome. On his 

 return he opened a studio in New York, and 

 became an Academician in 1849. He received 

 many commissions from art connoisseurs in 

 New Haven and New York, and devoted him- 

 self almost exclusively to historical subjects. 

 His "Home of Washington " and "Ruth and 

 Naomi ", were engraved in England, and are 

 well known from the engraving. Among his 

 other paintings of great merit are, " The Jews 

 in Captivity;" "Miriam;" "Noah;" "Joan 

 of Arc in Prison;" " Representative Mer- 

 chants," etc. He possessed admirable taste as 

 a colorist, and, though he sometimes exhibited 

 too much haste in his works, he was entitled 

 to a high position as a painter. In the kindred 

 arts of architecture, music, and poetry, too, 

 he manifested talent of a high order. After 

 1860 he resided at Cold Spring, where he had 

 erected for himself a beautiful home. 



RUSSIA,* an empire in Europe and Asia. 

 Emperor, Alexander II., born April 17 (new 

 style, April 29), 1818; succeeded his father, 

 Nicholas, February 18 (March 2), 1855. Heir- 

 apparent, Grand-duke Alexander, born Feb- 

 ruary 26 (March 10), 1845; his oldest son, 

 Grand-duke Nicholas, born May 6 (18), 1868. 



According to an official publication, of Jan- 

 uary 21, 1871, the revenue of the empire, for 

 the year 1871, was estimated as follows : 



Rubles. 



Direct taxes ............. .......... 105.220,397 



Indirect taxes ................................ 213,599,937 



Kevenue from the mines, mint, postal service, 

 and the telegraph-lines ..................... 5,331,679 



State domains ................................ 29,057.223 



Divers receipt? ............................... 45,253,885 



Revenue from Transcaucasia ................. 5,272,757 



Total ordinary revenue. . ................ 403,741,878 



Balances of credit, according to the budget of 



1869 ......................................... 4,392,9% 



Special budget ................................ 20,088,221 



Extraordinary revenue to be applied to rail- 



road and harbor constructions .............. 10,347,581 



Total extraordinary revenue ............ 34,828,798 



Total ordinary and extraordinary ............. 438,570,670 



Less above sum for railroads and harbors ..... 10,347,581 



Net ..................................... 428,223,095 



The expenditures for 1871 were fixed at 

 489,012,702 rubles, as follows: Ordinary ex- 

 penditures, 456,576,900 rubles; discount .on 

 budget of revenue, 2,000,000 rubles; special 



*For statistics of the Asiatic provinces, of the religious 

 denominations, of the several nationalities, and the large 

 cities, see AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1871. 



