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TICKNOE, GEOEGE. 



TOUEGUENIEF, NIKOLAI I. 



August 1, 1791 ; died there, January 26, 1871. 

 His early education was obtained in the schools 

 of his native city, and from these he entered 

 Dartmouth College, whence he graduated in 

 1807. He was admitted to the bar six years 

 later, having devoted half that time to the study 

 of the classical languages. He never attempted 

 the practice of law, but in 1815 sailed for Eu- 

 rope, where he remained for five years, and on 

 his return accepted the professorship of the 

 French and Spanish Languages, Literature, and 

 Belle-lettres, in Harvard College. He occupied 

 this chair about fifteen years, devoting himself 

 to its duties with an energy which, supported 

 as it was by his profound learning, gave the 

 then new department an importance and in- 

 terest which similar departments have attained 

 in few American colleges. He resigned this 

 professorship in 1835, going abroad a second 

 time and remaining three years. He had long 

 intended to write the " History of Spanish 

 Literature," and on his return from his second 

 tour in Europe he devoted himself to the com- 

 pletion of the work, continuing his labors eleven 

 years, until 1849, when it was published in this 

 city. This admirable work has been regarded 

 as of the highest authority upon the important 

 subject of which it treats, from the moment 

 of its first publication. It has been translated 

 into the Spanish and German languages, and 

 is acknowledged by the scholars of every coun- 

 try, particularly by those of Spain itself, to be 

 a masterpiece among works combining histori- 

 cal knowledge and critical judgment. The 

 other literary labors of Mr. Ticknor, the results 

 of which have been given to the public, were 

 of minor importance, though the biography 

 of his personal friend, Prescott, the historian, 

 has gained more readers, perhaps, than the 

 great work of his life. He also edited " The 

 Remains of Nathaniel Appleton Haven," and 

 in 1825 he contributed a biography of La- 

 fayette to the North American Review ; this 

 was afterward extended and published in 

 pamphlet form. Few men in America none, 

 perhaps, except Edward Everett have had a 

 memory so stored as was that of Mr. Ticknor, 

 with personal associations with the brilliant 

 . literary men and women of this country and 

 Europe, who have lived during the first half 

 of the present century. While he was pursuing 

 his first studies in Europe, from 1815 to 1820, 

 he became acquainted with many whose names 

 are now historical ; he was a friend of Goethe, 

 Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott, Madame de Stael, 

 Jeffrey, Eoscoe, Mackintosh, Eogers, "Words- 

 worth, Lord Holland, Southey, and other dis- 

 tinguished persons. But charming as were 

 the graces of mind and manner, and extensive 

 and profound as was the learning of Mr. Tick- 

 nor, he had a still stronger claim than any of 

 these afforded, on the love and gratitude of 

 the citizens of Boston. To him more than to 

 any one else, with the possible exception of 

 Prof. Jewett, are due the admirable organi- 

 zation and planning of their great Public Li- 



brary, and his great and abundant labors in 

 its behalf were performed after he had passed 

 his sixtieth year. The preliminary report on 

 the subject of a public library, which, falling 

 into the hands of Mr. Bates, led that benefactor 

 on to his munificent work, was the production 

 of Mr. Ticknor; and from the time of the an- 

 nouncement of Mr. Bates's first donation to 

 the opening of the magnificent library, and 

 indeed for years after, he and Prof, Jewett 

 labored incessantly, both in Boston and in 

 Europe, to perfect its organization. It is im- 

 possible to estimate the value of such services. 

 The two men were the prime workers, each 

 in his sphere. They laid the foundations of 

 a system, so perfect in a sort of bibliothecal 

 universalism, that no other library in this 

 country, and, in its exact range, none in Europe, 

 can compare with it for perfectness of admin- 

 istrative detail. 



TIMBEE, SCABCITY or. The Revue des Deux 

 Mondes publishes an article, by M. Broilliard, 

 on the growing scarcity of work-timber, which 

 has its cause in the frequent sales of forests 

 affected by the domaine, and the carelessness 

 and need of private owners. Consumption of 

 timber has wonderfully increased in Europe 

 and America for the last three-quarters of a 

 century. France now buys more foreign build- 

 ing (working) timber than is produced on her 

 soil. England also, almost bare of tall trees, 

 except those fine oaks carefully preserved in 

 her parks, now imports twice as much timber 

 as France, of which supply the British colonies 

 only yield a minor fraction. Deprived nearly 

 of any forests, Belgium and Holland require 

 large imports from abroad, and even Northern 

 Germany, felling her forests too young (under 

 100 years old), is obliged to supply to foreign 

 countries, and even to France. The magnifi- 

 cent tall woods of Austria disappear under the 

 hatchet of companies who are in a hurry to 

 realize their bargains, sometimes 8 an acre 

 purchase price. The statistics of oak-timber 

 for France are given : Twenty years ago the 

 marine required 80,000 cubic metres of round 

 timber. Private shipping consumes from 100,- 

 000 to 120,000 cubic metres. Eailways, stock 

 and plant, 50,000 cubic metres ; 30,000 cubic 

 metres, more or less, are needed for the artil- 

 lery and engineer corps. But of all the uses, 

 the casks for wine and spirits demand the 

 greatest quantity 400,000 cubic metres. So 

 that, with other industrial and agricultural 

 employments, we reach a total of one million 

 cubic metres (34,000,000 cubic feet). As mat- 

 ters stand, France wants 1,000,000 cubic me- 

 tres of oak yearly, which would suffice to make 

 a plankway 20 yards wide, from Marseilles to 

 Dunkirk, and which quantity, in their present 

 state, the forests cannot afford to supply. 



TOUEGUftNIEF, NIKOLAI IVANOVITCII, a 

 Eussian patriot, statesman, and author, a mem- 

 ber of a noble family of Eussia, distinguished 

 alike in literature and patriotic devotion, born 

 in St. Petersburg, in 1790; died in Paris, No- 



